Table 3.
Effectiveness of Mental Health Interventions by Study
| Study | Setting | Mode of Delivery | Type of Intervention and Control (n) | Diagnostic Instrument |
Outcomes | Population Group and % that were men |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bolton P et al. 2014a [42] | KRI | Primary health care services, 12 sessions | (i) BADTa (n = 114); (ii) CPTb (n = 101); (iii) wait-list control (n = 66) | HSCL-25, HTQ, Inventory of Traumatic Grief |
BATD: (i) Depression d = 0.60 (all WLC) and d = 0.84 (p = 0.003) (BATD-controls); (ii) Dysfunction d = 0.55 (p < 0.05) (all WLC) and d = 0.79(p = 0.007) (BATD-controls) CPT: (i) Depression d = 0.70 (p < 0.001) (all WLC) and d = 0.44 (CPT-controls) (ii) Dysfunction: d = 0.90 (p < 0.001) (all WLC) and d = 0.63(p < 0.05) (CPT-controls) |
Male inclusive % of BATD that were men: 43% % of CPT that were men: 42% % of all controls that were men: 41% |
| Bass J et al. 2016 [43] | KRI | Primary healthcare services, 6–12 sessions | Trauma-informed intervention (n = 159) vs control (n = 50) | HSCL-25, HTQ, Inventory for Traumatic Grief |
Depression: d = 0.57 (p = 0.02) Dysfunction: d = 0.53 (p = 0.03) Anxiety: d = 0.41 (p = 0.01) PTSD: d = 0.35 (p = 0.07) Traumatic grief: d = 0.26 (p = 0.08) |
Male inclusive % of intervention that were male: 66% % of controls that were male: 70% |
| Weiss WM et al. 2015 [44] | Southern Iraq | Primary healthcare services, 8–12 sessions | CETAc (n = 98), CPT (n = 106), wait-list control (n = 109) | HTQ, HSCL-25, Locally developed Function Scale |
CETA: (i) Trauma: d = 2.40, M = -0.59 (all WLC); (ii) Anxiety: d = 1.60, M = -0.68 (all WLC); (iii) Depression: d = 1.82, M = -0.67 (all WLC); (iv) Dysfunction: d = 0.88, M = -0.50 (all WLC) CPT: (i) Trauma: d = 0.41, M = -0.16 (all WLC); (ii) Anxiety: d = 0.27, M = -0.14 (all WLC); (iii) Depression: d = 0.40, M = -0.22 (all WLC); (iv) Dysfunction: d = 0.07, M = -0.05 (all WLC) |
Male inclusive % of CETA that were men: 68% % of CETA controls that were men: 72% % of CPT that were men: 67% % of CPT controls that were men: 62% |
| Bolton et al. 2014b [48] | Thailand | At the client or counselor’s home, local Burmese-run clinics or community organizations, and secluded areas, 7–13 sessions | CETAc (n = 148) vs control (n = 126) | HSCL-25; HTQ |
Depression: M = -0.49 (CI − 0.59,-0.40), d = 1.16 (p < 0.001) PTS: M = -0.43 (CI − 0.51,-0.35) d = 1.19 (p < 0.001) Anxiety: M = -0.48 (CI − 0.61, − 0.34) d = 0.79 (p < 0.001) Functional impairment: M = -0.44 (CI − 0.59, − 0.28) d = 0.63 (p < 0.001) Aggression: M = -0.24 (CI − 0.34, − 0.15) d = 0.58 (p < 0.001) |
Male inclusive % of CETA that were men: 39% % of controls that were men: 36% |
| Bass et al. 2013 [51] | DRC | NGOs, 12 sessions | Group CPT b(n = 248) vs Individual psychosocial support (n = 157) | HSCL-25, HTQ |
Combined depression and anxiety: d = 1.8 (p < 0.001) at end of treatment; d = 1.6 (p < 0.001) 6 mos after end of treatment Trauma: d = 1.4 (p < 0.001) at end of treatment; d = 1.3 (p < 0.001) 6 mos after end of treatment Functional impairment: d = 1.1(p < 0.001) at end of treatment; d = 1.2 (p < 0.001) 6 mos after end of treatment Probable depression or anxiety: d = 7.3 (3.4–16.8) (p < 0.001) at end of treatment; d = 4.6 (2.1–11.1) (p < 0.001) 6 mos after end of treatment Probable PTSD: d = 12.3 (5.2–30.5) (p < 0.001) at end of treatment; d = 5.5(2.5–13.2) (p < 0.001) 6 mos after end of treatment |
Female specific |
| O’Callaghan et al. 2013 [62] | DRC | Local secondary school, 15 sessions | Trauma-focused CBTd (n = 24) vs. WLC (n = 28) | UCLA PTSD Reaction Index; African YPAI |
Trauma symptoms: F1,49 = 52.708, p < 0.001, cp2 = 0.518 Depression and anxiety: F1,49 = 52.371, p < 0.001, cp2 = 0.517 Conduct problems: F1,49 = 17.123, p < 0.001, cp2 = 0.259) Prosocial behaviour: F1,49 = 5.39, p < 0.001, cp2 = 0.099) At 3 months: PTS symptoms: d = 2.04, Depression and anxiety: d = 2.45), Conduct problems: d = 0.95 Prosocial behaviour: d = − 1.57 Depression and anxiety symptoms (4.79 points, 95% CI = 0.617–8.966, p < 0.05) and prosocial behaviour (− 3.29 points, 95% CI = -5.046 to − 1.537, p < 0.05) showed continued improvements 3 months after intervention ended |
Adolescent girls |
| Hall et al. 2014 [56] | DRC | IRC facilities, 12 sessions |
CPTb (n = 157) vs. Individual support (n = 248) |
HSCL-25, HTQ Integrated Questionnaire for the Measurement of Social Capital |
CPT: group membership and participation (d = 0.22, p < .05;) (compared to IS) Within 1 month: CPT: higher emotional support seeking (d = 0.37, p < .05;), which was not maintained at 6 months |
Female specific |
a Brief Behavioural Activation Treatment for Depression
b Cognitive Processing Therapy
c Common Elements Treatment Approach
d Cognitive-Based Therapy