Table 4.

Multivariate regression analyses of socio-demographics, health behaviours, and health outcomes among a sample of 13 367 persons in China, aged ≥50 years, evaluated with data from the World Health Organisation Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 1 China (2007–2010).

Characteristic	Depressive symptomsxxx				QoLa				Cognitive functiona				Physical functionxxx
	β	SE	Statistical significance	Cohen’s d	β	SE	Statistical significance	Cohen’s d	β	SE	Statistical significance	Cohen’s d	β	SE	Statistical significance	Cohen’s d
Socio-demographic
Age, years
50-59 (0)
60–69	–0.024	0.018	P = 0.032	–0.013	0.043	0.013	P < 0.001	0.021	–0.072	0.217	P < 0.001	–0.017	0.011	0.048	NS	0.054
≥70	–0.050	0.021	P < 0.001	0.026	0.052	0.015	P < 0.001	0.213	–0.257	0.257	P < 0.001	0.652	0.134	0.057	P < 0.001	–0.489
Sex
Male (0)
Female (1)	0.056	0.017	P < 0.001	–0.120	–0.018	0.012	NS	0.136	–0.067	0.209	P < 0.001	0.202	–0.008	0.046	NS	–0.067
Marital status
Single (0)
Non-single (1)	–0.046	0.021	P < 0.001	0.128	0.033	0.015	P = 0.001	–0.342	0.045	0.251	P < 0.001	–0.515	–0.004	0.056	NS	0.265
Educational level
Low (0)
Medium	0.003	0.018	NS	0.103	0.045	0.013	P < 0.001	–0.276	0.196	0.220	P < 0.001	–0.667	–0.009	0.049	NS	0.213
High	0.006	0.035	NS	0.204	0.052	0.025	P < 0.001	–0.481	0.152	0.432	P < 0.001	–0.822	–0.030	0.094	P = 0.005	0.199
Permanent income (quintile)	–0.075	0.007	P < 0.001	–	0.254	0.005	P < 0.001	–	0.121	0.078	P < 0.001	–	–0.091	0.017	P < 0.001	–
Employment
Non-working (0)
Working (1)	–0.018	0.019	NS	–0.075	0.124	0.014	P < 0.001	–0.130	0.027	0.232	P = 0.020	0.009	–0.130	0.052	P < 0.001	0.018
Residence
Urban (0)
Rural (1)	0.110	0.021	P < 0.001	–0.113	–0.030	0.015	P = 0.024	0.175	–0.143	0.249	P < 0.001	0.480	0.138	0.055	P < 0.001	–0.156
Province
Shandong (0)				–				–
Guangdong	0.107	0.028	P < 0.001	–0.210	–0.030	0.020	P = 0.017	–0.049	–0.026	0.337	P = 0.036	–0.030	–0.038	0.074	P = 0.003	0.083
Hubei	0.059	0.030	P < 0.001	–0.137	–0.075	0.021	P < 0.001	0.260	–0.006	0.365	NS	–0.040	–0.045	0.079	P < 0.001	–0.002
Jilin	0.086	0.033	P < 0.001	0.056	0.016	0.025	NS	0.308	–0.078	0.400	P < 0.001	0.241	–0.037	0.088	P = 0.002	0.028
Shaanxi	0.144	0.029	P < 0.001	–0.389	–0.086	0.021	P < 0.001	0.388	–0.140	0.348	P < 0.001	0.474	–0.077	0.077	P < 0.001	0.078
Shanghai	–0.057	0.028	P < 0.001	0.351	0.034	0.020	P = 0.003	–0.383	0.100	0.337	P < 0.001	–0.375	–0.113	0.074	P < 0.001	0.188
Yunnan	0.001	0.029	NS	0.069	0.019	0.021	NS	–0.098	0.033	0.349	P = 0.004	–0.094	0.033	0.077	P = 0.006	–0.330
Zhejiang	–0.003	0.028	NS	0.095	0.003	0.020	NS	–0.067	–0.002	0.343	NS	–0.009	–0.070	0.074	P < 0.001	0.028
NCDs
No (0)
Yes (1)	0.103	0.015	P < 0.001	–0.108	–0.189	0.011	P < 0.001	0.360	–0.049	0.182	P < 0.001	0.136	0.080	0.040	P < 0.001	–0.234
Health behaviours
Smoking (pack-years)	0.010	0.001	NS	–	0.000	0.000	NS		–0.006	0.007	NS	–	–0.009	0.001	NS	–
Diet
Not healthy (0)
Healthy (1)	–0.020	0.017	NS	0.111	0.099	0.012	P < 0.001	–0.363	0.023	0.198	P = 0.016	–0.305	–0.017	0.044	NS	0.123
Physical activity
Inactive (0)
Active (1)	–0.020	0.017	P = 0.047	–0.044	0.086	0.012	P < 0.001	–0.159	0.072	0.202	P < 0.001	–0.186	–0.155	0.044	P < 0.001	0.382

QoL, quality of life; SE, standard error; NCD, non-communicable disease. ^xxxHigher scores represent more depressive symptoms or poorer physical function. ^aHigher scores represent better QoL or better cognitive function.

Analyses adjusted for age (years), sex, residence, marital status, employment status, educational level, smoking pack-years, healthy diet, physical activity.

Reference groups: male, single, lower education, urban residence, lower income, no NCD, inactive, unhealthy diet, and Shandong Province.

NS, no statistically significant association (P > 0.05).