Table 1.
Study, Sample, and Intervention Characteristics of the 9 Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis
| Citation | Sample | Recruitment/Location | Condition | Current Tx | Randomized | Control | Intervention Type | Intervention | Home Practice | Checking Periodǂ | Outcomes & Last Assessment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sessions | Dose | Sessions | Dose | Sessions | Dose | |||||||||
| Calderon (2000)35 Linked:55,56–58 |
N = 72(92%); 67% F; Mage = 54 | Self-selected volunteers, hospital, clinic; Los Angeles, CA, USA, Biobehavioral Research Center | HTN | Pharmacological | Yes | EDU | TM | 4 | 360 | 364 | 7280 | 10 | 600 | 25 wks: SBP; DBP |
| Duraimani et al. (2015)39 Linked:59–61 |
N = 48(75%); 54% F; Mage = 58 | Self-selected volunteers, hospital; Washington D.C., USA, Howard University Medical Center | HTN | Pharmacological | Yes | EDU+ | TM+HE classes | 12 | 900 | 224 | 4480 | 6 | 360 | SBP; DBP |
| Jayadevappa et al. (2007)37
Linked:62,63 |
N = 31(74%); 61% F; Mage = 64 | Clinical contact; Philadelphia, PA, USA, UPenn Health Care System | CHF | NR | Yes | EDU | TM | 4 | 360 | 365 | 6388 | 9 | 810 | Depression |
| Kondwani et al. (2005)40 Linked:64 |
N = 42(81%); 56% F; Mage = 51 | Self-selected volunteers, clinical contact; Oakland, CA, USA, West Oakland Health Center | Mild HTN | Pharmacological | Yes | EDU | TM | 4 | 360 | 728 | 14560 | 15 | 900 | SBP; DBP; Depression |
| Paul-Labrador et al. (2006)38 Linked:65–67 |
N = 103(82%); 18% F; Mage = 67 | Self-selected volunteers, clinical contact; Los Angeles, CA, USA, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | CHD | Pharmacological | Yes | EDU | TM | 4 | 345 | NR | NR | 19 | 1710 | SBP; DBP; Depression |
| Schneider et al. (2005)41 Linked:68 |
N = 197(76%); 53% F; Mage = 49 | Health center, churches, senior center, department of aging programs; West Oakland, CA, USA | HTN | Pharmacological | Yes | EDU | TM | 4 | 345 | 104 | 2080 | 11 | 660 | SBP; DBP |
| Schneider et al. (2012)43 Linked:69 |
N = 201(73%); 42% F; Mage = 59 | Clinical contact; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin | CHD | Pharmacological | Yes | CVD EDU | TM | 4 | 420 | 3945 | 78894 | 74 | 4440 | SBP; DBP; Depression |
| Schneider et al. (1995)42 Linked:70,44,71,71–74*The PMR group is excluded. |
N = 127 [85](87%); 57% F; Mage = 67 | Clinical contact, senior citizens & other community organizations; Oakland, CA, USA, West Oakland Health Center | Mild history of HTN | Pharmacological | Yes | Lifestyle Modification EDU | TM | 4 | 360 | 182 | 3640 | 3 | 270 | SBP; DBP |
| Vivier (2004)36 | N = 30(93%); 14% F; Mage = 70 | Hospital, clinical contact; Iowa City, Iowa, USA, University of Iowa Heart Care Center | CVD | Pharmacological | No | TAU | TM+Maharishi Consciousness-based health care (TM + herbal supplements, exercise, & diet) | 12 | 900 | 546 | 10920 | 18 | 1230 | Depression; SBP; DBP |
N (%), number of participants who consented to participate in the study (retention); F, female; HTN, hypertension; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CAD, coronary artery disease; EC, education control; WLC, wait list control; UC, usual care; HE, health education; TM, transcendental meditation; PMR, progressive muscle relaxation; Wks, number of weeks post-intervention assessment occurred; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
The checking period involves recommended follow-up sessions to check the correctness of the TM technique. Number listed reflects number of possible technique checks based on study length of follow-up.