Table 1. Composition (%) and gross chemical content (g/kg as fed) of the piglets experimental dietsa.
| Ingredients (%) | CE- | CE+ |
|---|---|---|
| Wheat, ground | 39.6 | 39.6 |
| Corn, ground | 20.0 | 20.0 |
| Potato protein | 11.6 | 11.6 |
| Oat flakes | 7.0 | 7.0 |
| Whey permeate | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Apple pomace, dried | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Wheat bran | 3.1 | 3.1 |
| Rapeseed oil | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| Dicalcium phosphate | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| Calcium formate | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Wheat meal | 0.40 | 0.39 |
| Vitamin-mineral premixb | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| L-lysine-HCl (79%) | 0.35 | 0.35 |
| Pellanc | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| Soybean meal | 0.22 | 0.22 |
| Sodium chloride | 0.21 | 0.21 |
| Greencab-70-Cd | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| Luctarome | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Natuphos 5000 Gf | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| L-Tryptophan | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Wheat straw, ground | 2.0 | - |
| Chestnut extractg | - | 2.0 |
| Gross chemical composition analyzed (g/kg as fed) | ||
| Dry matter | 901 | 901 |
| Crude protein | 189 | 182 |
| Fat | 51.4 | 50.0 |
| Crude fiber | 32.7 | 25.2 |
| NDF | 130 | 150 |
| ADF | 41.6 | 49.8 |
| ADL | 5.4 | 6.7 |
| Ash | 49.6 | 50.9 |
| Ca | 10.1 | 10.8 |
| Cu (mg/kg) | 9.7 | 9.4 |
| Fe (mg/kg) | 132.2 | 130.1 |
| K | 5.4 | 5.2 |
| Mg | 1.2 | 1.2 |
| Mn (mg/kg) | 34.2 | 36.4 |
| Na | 1.5 | 1.7 |
| P | 7.2 | 7.1 |
| Zn (mg/kg) | 79.6 | 84.5 |
| Digestible phosphorush (g/kg as fed) | 3.8 | 3.8 |
| Digestible essential amino acidsh (g/kg as fed) | ||
| Arginine | 7.7 | 7.7 |
| Histidine | 3.1 | 3.1 |
| Isoleucine | 6.3 | 6.3 |
| Leucine | 13.1 | 13.0 |
| Lysine | 10.3 | 10.3 |
| Methionine and Cysteine | 5.5 | 5.5 |
| Phenylalanine | 7.9 | 7.9 |
| Threonine | 5.7 | 5.7 |
| Tryptophan | 1.5 | 1.6 |
| Valine | 7.7 | 7.7 |
| Digestible energy (MJ/kg)h | 14.0 | 14.0 |
a Each diet was formulated according to the Swiss feeding recommendations for pigs [17] and was analyzed in triplicate to determine chemical composition. CE-: control standard starter diet. CE+: In the chestnut extract-supplemented diet, wheat straw was substituted for with 2% chestnut extract containing hydrolysable tannins.
b Supplied per kg of diet: vitamin A, 8000 IU; vitamin D3, 1000 IU; vitamin E, 25 mg; menadione, 3 mg; thiamine, 2 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; biotin, 0.1 mg; niacin, 20 mg; pantothenic acid, 15 mg; iron, 80 mg as iron sulfate monohydrate; iodine, 0.15 mg as calcium iodate; copper, 6 mg as copper sulfate; manganese, 10 mg as manganese oxide; zinc, 75 mg as zinc oxide; selenium, 0.2 mg as sodium selenite.
c Pellet binding aid: Pellan, Mikro-Technik; Bürgstadt, Germany.
d Coated calcium butyrate: Greencab 70-c, Brenntag; Denmark.
e Luctarom, Lucta; Montornès del Vallès, Spain.
f Phytase; 500 units of aspergillus niger phytase/kg diet; 1 phytase unit corresponds to the amount of enzyme that releases 1 μmol P from 5 mM phytate/min at pH 5.5 and 37°C.
g Chestnut extract (containing 54% of hydrolysable tannins) provided by Silvateam (Silvafeed Nutri P/ENC for Swine; Italy).
h Digestible phosphorus, essential amino acids and energy content estimated according to the Swiss feed database (Agroscope, 2017), taking into account the relative amount of each feed ingredient in the diet.