Figure 1.

Impact of carnosine on glioblastoma cell metabolism. Principal component analysis of the metabolic profiles obtained from (A) U87 cells treated for 6 h with 0 mM (red), 12.5 mM (green), 25 mM (blue) or 50 mM (cyan) carnosine (Car) and (B) T98G and (C) LN229 cells treated for 6 h with 0 mM (red), 50 mM (green) Car. D, Pathway analysis using metabolites whose abundances were significantly (FDR < 0.05) changed by 50 mM Car. Bold line indicates a P‐value = .05. E, Doubling time of U87, T98G and LN229 cells treated with or without 50 mM Car (n = 3). F, Significantly, changed abundances of metabolites which belong to the metabolic pathways shown in (D). Data are presented as fold‐change compared to 0 mM Car (n = 6). 2PG, 2‐phosphoglycerate; 3PG, 3‐phosphoglycerate; aKg, α‐ketoglutarate; Asp, aspartate; Cit, citrate; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; E4P, erythrose‐4‐phosphate; F6P, fructose‐6‐phosphate; Fum, fumarate; G3P, glycerol‐3‐phosphate; G6P, glucose‐6‐phosphate; GA3P, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate; Glc, glucose; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamate; Lac, lactate; Mal, malate; R5P, ribose‐5‐phosphate; Suc, succinate. Level of significance is indicated as: ***P < .0005; **P < .005; *P < .05 vs. 0 mM Car