Table 3.
Adjusted geometric means of risk factors across quintiles of total SAA intake.
| Quintile of total SAA intake |
P-Value |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factors | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q5 vs Q1 | Trend | |
| Z Score | −0.60 | −0.27 | −0.07 | 0.29 | 0.64 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Serum cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Unadjusted | 203 (201–205) | 204 (203–206) | 204(203–206) | 207 (205–209) | 206 (205–208) | 0.07 | <0.01 | |
| Adjusted* | 203 (201–205) | 204 (203–206) | 204 (203–206) | 207 (205–209) | 207 (205–208) | 0.04 | <0.01 | |
| Serum HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Unadjusted | 52.0 (51.4–52.6) | 52.1 (51.4–52.7) | 51.7 (51.0–52.3) | 51.4 (50.8–52.0) | 50.5 (49.8–51.1) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Adjusted* | 51.2 (50.5–51.8) | 51.0 (50.4–51.6) | 51.3 (50.7–51.9) | 51.9 (51.3–52.4) | 52.3 (51.7–52.9) | 0.09 | <0.01 | |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
| Unadjusted | 126 (124–127) | 125 (124–127) | 126 (125–127) | 126 (125–126) | 126 (125–128) | 0.95 | 0.30 | |
| Adjusted* | 125 (124–126) | 126 (125–127) | 127 (126–128) | 126 (125–128) | 125 (124–127) | 0.99 | 0.77 | |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
| Unadjusted | 75.0 (73.6–76.3) | 75.1 (73.8–76.4) | 75.8 (74.5–77.1) | 76.1 (74.8–77.4) | 75.4 (74.1–76.7) | 0.99 | 0.49 | |
| Adjusted* | 74.6 (73.2–6.0) | 75.6 (74.3–76.9) | 76.3 (75.0–77.7) | 76.1 (74.8–77.4) | 74.7 (73.3–76.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Serum glucose (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Unadjusted | 95.9 (94.5–97.2) | 96.8 (95.4–98.2) | 98.1 (96.7–99.5) | 101 (99.9–103) | 103 (102- 105) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Adjusted* | 97.6 (96.3–98.8) | 99.1 (97.9–100) | 99.0 (97.8–100) | 99.5 (98.3- 101) | 100 (99.1- 102) | 0.05 | <0.01 | |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Unadjusted | 137(133–141) | 137 (132–141) | 136 (132–141) | 142(138–147) | 150(145–154) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Adjusted* | 139 (135–144) | 141 (137–146) | 139 (135–143) | 140 (136–145) | 142 (137–146) | 0.95 | 0.28 | |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | ||||||||
| Unadjusted | 5.39 (5.34–5.43) | 5.41 (5.36–5.45) | 5.50 (5.46–5.54) | 5.57 (5.53–5.61) | 5.67 (5.62–5.71) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Adjusted* | 5.45 (5.41–5.49) | 5.47 (5.43–5.51) | 5.53 (5.49–5.56) | 5.51 (5.48–5.55) | 5.57 (5.54–5.61) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Serum C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Unadjusted | 0.42 (0.39–0.45) | 0.45 (0.43–0.48) | 0.48 (0.45–0.51) | 0.45 (0.42–0.48) | 0.46 (0.43–0.49) | 0.43 | 0.16 | |
| Adjusted* | 0.44 (0.40–0.47) | 0.45 (0.42–0.48) | 0.47 (0.44–0.50) | 0.44 (0.41–0.47) | 0.48 (0.45–0.51) | 0.37 | 0.11 | |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Unadjusted | 5.27 (5.21–5.33) | 5.15 (5.10–5.21) | 5.14 (5.08–5.20) | 5.32 (5.26–5.38) | 5.51 (5.45–5.56) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Adjusted* | 5.17 (5.11–5.22) | 5.27 (5.23–5.32) | 5.24 (5.19–5.29) | 5.34 (5.29–5.39) | 5.37 (5.32–5.42) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| BUN (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Unadjusted | 13.1 (12.9–13.3) | 13.6 (13.4–13.8) | 14.1 (14.0–14.4) | 14.7 (14.5–14.9) | 15.5 (15.3–15.7) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Adjusted* | 13.1 (12.9–13.3) | 13.7 (13.6–13.9) | 14.3 (14.1–14.5) | 14.7 (14.5–14.9) | 15.3 (15.1–15.5) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Serum insulin (μU/mL) | ||||||||
| Unadjusted | 10.5 (9.4–11.6) | 11.9 (10.8–13.0) | 11.6 (10.5–12.7) | 13.1 (12.0–14.2) | 14.3 (13.2–15.4) | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| Adjusted* | 11.2 (10.1–12.4) | 12.5 (11.4–13.6) | 11.7 (11.6–12.8) | 12.4 (11.3–13.5) | 13.7 (12.5–14.8) | 0.04 | <0.01 | |
| eGFR | ||||||||
| Unadjusted | 69.2 (68.7–69.7) | 69.8 (69.3–70.4) | 69.9 (69.4–70.4) | 70.0 (69.5–70.5) | 69.8 (69.2–70.3) | 0.57 | 0.18 | |
| Adjusted* | 69.2 (68.6–69.7) | 69.7 (69.2–70.3) | 69.8 (69.3–70.3) | 70.0 (69.4–70.5) | 70.0 (69.4–70.5) | 0.26 | 0.05 | |
⁎
Note: adjusted for age (continuous), gender, total energy intake (kcal/day), smoking status (yes/no), alcohol intake (g/day) and BMI (categorical), total fat (g/day), calcium (mg/day), magnesium (mg/day), sodium (g/day), potassium (g/day), vitamin A (IU/day), vitamin C (mg/day), vitamin B6 (mg/day) folic acid (mcg/day) intake, diabetes, and hypertension history.