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. 2020 Jan 24;20(3):174–186. doi: 10.1038/s41568-019-0238-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Dark blue text boxes indicate the biological functions being regulated, with light blue, green, purple and grey text boxes indicating the processes and mechanisms leading to the control of function. Lines connect mechanisms to functions. Both matrix remodelling and the production of soluble factors contribute to increased tumour cell invasion. Soluble factors also contribute to changes in tumour growth and the immune microenvironment, which is also affected by the altered metabolic state of the tumour. CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; CCL2, CC-chemokine ligand 2; CXCL12, CXC-chemokine ligand 12; IL-6, interleukin-6; GAS6, growth arrest-specific protein 6; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.