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. 2020 Feb 27;10:3650. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60654-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) of freshwater macroinvertebrates from the study region to common agricultural insecticides. Data points show the acute LC_5024h for various species. The SSD curves were fitted using a quasibinomial GLM with logit-link; means ± 95% confidence intervals are shown. (a) Sensitivity distribution to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. χ² = 230.69, res. df = 11, p < 0.001, McKelvey-Zavoina’s pseudo-R² = 0.29. For Melanoides sp., Bulinus africanus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi the LC₅₀ exceeded the highest test concentration and was extrapolated from non-linear regression (Melanoides sp.) or estimated. (b) Sensitivity distribution to the organophosphorus insecticide Diazinon. χ² = 115.89, res. df = 8, p < 0.001, McKelvey-Zavoina’s pseudo-R² = 0.40. (a,b) The acute LC_5048h of the most sensitive standard reference taxa (Chironomus riparius and Daphnia magna) was added for comparison^32,78 and used for the calculation of toxic units (see text).