Table 4.
Comparative overview of sensing architectures for potential use as pathogenic biomarker sensors
| Functional material | Selectivity | Sensitivity | Response times | Operating voltages | Biocompatibility | Degradability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MOx | Poor | 5 ppb–10 ppt | 5 ms–30 min | − 20 to 20 V | Low | Low |
| CP | Poor | 50 ppb–700 ppm | < 5 s (response) 30 min (recovery) | 10 V | High | Medium |
| Carbon nanoparticle composites | Poor | 0.1 ppb–420 ppb | 50 min | Resistive (5 V bias | Low (CNT-carcinogenic) | Medium |
| MOFs | Good | 5 ppb–40 ppm | 20 s–5 min | Resistive (5 V bias) | Good | Medium |
| COFs | Good | 2.8 pg/mL | 40 ns | 0.6 V | Good | Medium |
| Hydrogel/hydrogel composites | High | 1–10 ppm | Continual rise > 10 min | ~ 125 mV | High | High |
| Synthetic oligomers | Extremely High | 1 fM | Exposure 30–60 min | N/A (EIS at 1.02 V) | High | High |
| Insect odorant receptors | High | 1 aM (attomolar) | Exposure 15 min | N/A (EIS at 1.02 V) | High | High |