Table 2.
A summary of the in vivo studies relevant to the evaluation of DC electrical stimulation effects on osseointegration
| Reference | Animal model | Implant material | Electrical configuration | Stimulation | Stimulation duration | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Song et al. [61] |
Canine (Mandibular) |
Titanium Dental Implant |
Biphasic current (2 electrode) |
20 µA/cm2 [125 µs pulse, 100 pulses/s] |
7 days | Significant increase in newly formed bone area (2 and 4 weeks post stimulation) and bone-implant contact (2 weeks post stimulation) |
| Colella et al. [59] |
Canine (Tibia) |
Porous Titanium cylinder (Cathode) |
Galvanostatic (2 electrode) |
15 µA (~ 48 µA/cm2) | 1–8 days | Significant increase in the interfacial shear strength during push out testing conducted post-implantation |
| Bins-Ely et al. [58] |
Canine (Tibia) |
cpTi [Grade 4] (Anode) |
Galvanostatic (2 electrode) |
10 µA (~ 3.6 µA/cm2) 20 µA (~ 7.2 µA/cm2) |
7 and 15 days | Significantly higher bone-implant interface contact area for the 20 µA condition as compared to the 10 µA and control conditions at 15 days; No significant difference at the 7-day conditions |
| Shayesteh et al. [60] |
Canine (Mandibular) |
Titanium dental implant |
Potentiostatic (2 electrode) |
3 V 20 µA (~ 5 µA/cm2) | 30 days | Significant increase in bone contact ratio and local bone formation around the stimulated implants as compared to unstimulated control implants when evaluated at 90 days |
| Dergin et al. [62] |
Sheep (Tibia) |
Titanium dental implant (Cathode) |
Galvanostatic (2 electrode) |
7.5 µA (~ 2.75 µA/cm2) |
4, 8, and 12 weeks (12 h/day) |
No significant increase in bone-implant contact ratio, osteoblast activity, or new bone formation as compared to controls |
| Shafer et al. [64] |
Rabbit (Mandibular) |
Titanium dental implant (Cathode) |
Galvanostatic (2 electrode) |
7.5 µA (~ 2.5 µA/cm2) | 28 days | No significant enhancement of removal torque or increased percentage of bone adjacent to the implant |
| Isaacson et al. [63] |
Rabbit (Femur, Intramedullary) |
Gold-coated Ti–6Al–4V (Cathode) |
Potentiostatic (2 electrode) |
0.55 V | 3 and 6 weeks | No significant enhancement of appositional bone index and mineral apposition rates; There was an increase in trabecular bone around the stimulated implants |