Table 2. Difference-in-differences analysis with fixed effects of the effect of the restriction on carrying guns on gun-related mortality for place of death and sex, Colombia, 2008–2014.

Variable	Effect of policy β coefficient (SE)	P	Relative effect of policy on mean monthly gun-related mortality rate, %	P
Overall	−0.49 (0.15)	0.01	−22.33	< 0.05
Public areas
Overall	−0.49 (0.15)	0.01	−22.44	< 0.01
Male	−0.49 (0.14)	< 0.01	−22.33	< 0.01
Female	−0.11 (0.16)	0.52	N/Aa	N/Aa
Residences
Overall	−0.40 (0.07)	< 0.01	−18.33	< 0.01
Male	−0.32 (0.02)	< 0.01	−14.50	< 0.01
Female	0.14 (0.05)	0.03	6.28	< 0.02

SE: standard error, N/A: not applicable.

^a N/A as there was no statistically significant difference.

Notes: The outcome is the logarithm of the monthly mortality rates per 100 000 population between 2008 and 2014. Gun-related deaths include homicides, suicides and accidents. Public areas are public spaces such as the street. Residences refers to homes and more generally, residential areas. All models are a difference-in-differences panel design with city and month fixed effects for all Colombian cities with a population of more than 500 000 in 2008. All models include calendar month dummies. The β coefficients represent the interaction of a dummy variable accounting for the month of the enactment and a dummy variable identifying the treatment city. Relative effect represents the percentage difference between intervention and control cities, before and after the intervention when divided by the mean monthly mortality rate at the time of the enactment. Mean monthly mortality rate of the total sample at the time of the enactment of the restriction was 2.18 deaths per 100 000 population. Number. of observations was 756.