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Exosomes as mediators for cell-to-cell communication in the pathogenesis of PD. Exosomal α-syn is readily transmitted between neurons and neuroglia cells. Exosomes provide an environment for α-syn aggregation, and can potentially promote the propagation of α-syn oligomers in the CNS. Activated neuroglia cells increase the release of exosomes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus exacerbating neuroinflammation and the progression of PD.
