. 2020 Feb 21;22(3):174–184. doi: 10.1089/dia.2019.0286

Table 2.

Glycemic Outcomes During the 96-h Hybrid Closed-Loop Period and 7-Day Standard Therapy Period

Parameter	Adults (N = 11)			Adolescents (N = 10)			Children (N = 15)
Parameter	HCL	ST	P	HCL	ST	P	HCL	ST	P
Overall
Mean sensor glucose, mg/dL	150 ± 11	149 ± 26	0.8	144 ± 20	161 ± 25	0.08	156 ± 22	176 ± 28	0.02^*
Standard deviation, mg/dL	49 ± 9	55 ± 17	0.1	43 ± 11	61 ± 11	0.02^*	54 ± 10	68 ± 14	0.02^*
Coefficient of variation, %	33 ± 4	37 ± 7	0.07	29 ± 4	38 ± 6	0.02^*	35 ± 4	39 ± 3	0.04^*
Percentage time in glucose range, %
<54 mg/dL	0.2 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 1.6	0.001^*	0.4 ± 0.4	0.8 ± 0.8	0.4	0.3 ± 0.4	0.6 ± 0.6	0.2
<54 mg/dL	0 [0–0.4]	0.6 [0.1–1.7]	0.001^*	0.2 [0.1–0.4]	0.4 [0.1–1.8]	0.4	0.2 [0–0.6]	0.5 [0.2–1.0]	0.2
<60 mg/dL	0.4 ± 0.4	2.3 ± 2.6	0.002^*	0.7 ± 0.8	1.6 ± 1.9	0.4	0.8 ± 0.8	1.1 ± 0.9	0.2
<60 mg/dL	0.4 [0.1–0.6]	1.4 [0.6–3.0]	0.002^*	0.6 [0.3–1.1]	0.8 [0.5–3.2]	0.4	0.6 [0.2–1.7]	0.8 [0.4–1.6]	0.2
<70 mg/dL	1.9 ± 1.3	5.1 ± 4.8	0.005^*	2.5 ± 2.0	4.4 ± 4.0	0.3	2.2 ± 1.9	2.9 ± 2.4	0.3
<70 mg/dL	1.7 [0.7–2.6]	3.2 [1.9–7.0]	0.005^*	2.4 [0.8–3.0]	2.8 [1.5–7.5]	0.3	1.9 [0.6–2.8]	2.2 [1.5–3.7]	0.3
70–140 mg/dL	49.4 ± 9.2	46.6 ± 16.2	0.4	54.3 ± 15.6	39.9 ± 14.9	0.04^*	47.1 ± 12.3	34.5 ± 13.5	0.01^*
70–180 mg/dL	73.7 ± 7.5	68.0 ± 15.6	0.08	79.0 ± 12.6	60.6 ± 13.4	0.01^*	69.2 ± 13.5	54.9 ± 12.9	0.003^*
>180 mg/dL	24.5 ± 7.7	26.9 ± 16.7	0.5	18.5 ± 13.5	35.0 ± 16.2	0.03^*	28.7 ± 14.1	42.2 ± 14.7	0.007^*
>180 mg/dL	24.4 [18.1–29.7]	29.8 [10.5–41.2]	0.5	12.3 [10.1–24.8]	31.3 [27.8–44.5]	0.03^*	26.1 [17.3–37.0]	45.4 [34.1–50.4]	0.007^*
≥250 mg/dL	4.5 ± 4.2	7.4 ± 9.6	0.1	3.5 ± 5.0	12.0 ± 6.5	0.02^*	8.6 ± 8.8	17.5 ± 11.4	0.03^*
≥250 mg/dL	3.4 [1.5–5.7]	4.7 [1.1–7.6]	0.1	0.7 [0.0–8.3]	12.5 [6.7–14.7]	0.02^*	6.3 [3.1–11.5]	16.0 [6.0–24.5]	0.03^*
≥300 mg/dL	1.1 ± 1.7	2.9 ± 5.8	0.4	0.7 ± 1.0	4.4 ± 3.7	0.02^*	2.5 ± 3.1	8.3 ± 7.2	0.007^*
≥300 mg/dL	0.3 [0.0–2.2]	0.0 [0.0–3.6]	0.4	0.0 [0.0–2.0]	3.8 [1.6–6.7]	0.02^*	1.5 [0.1–2.8]	6.1 [1.9–13.7]	0.007^*
Overnight (23:00–07:00)
Mean sensor glucose, mg/dL	152 ± 32	153 ± 39	0.8	141 ± 27	153 ± 31	0.3	155 ± 29	177 ± 34	0.003^*
Standard deviation, mg/dL	41 ± 14	54 ± 18	0.01^*	30 ± 13	54 ± 15	0.01^*	46 ± 15	61 ± 19	0.03^*
Coefficient of variation, %	26 ± 6	36 ± 10	0.02^*	20 ± 5	36 ± 10	0.01^*	30 ± 6	34 ± 6	0.1
Percentage time in glucose range, %
<54 mg/dL	0.2 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 2.1	0.2	0.1 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 1.0	0.09	0.1 ± 0.4	0.8 ± 1.1	0.08
<54 mg/dL	0 [0–0]	0 [0–1.0]	0.2	0 [0–0]	0.1 [0–1.4]	0.09	0 [0–0]	0.2 [0–1.3]	0.08
<60 mg/dL	0.2 ± 0.6	2.5 ± 4.0	0.07	0.3 ± 0.5	2.2 ± 2.8	0.1	0.3 ± 0.7	1.2 ± 1.4	0.1
<60 mg/dL	0 [0–0.3]	0.5 [0–2.8]	0.07	0 [0–0.5]	0.8 [0–4.0]	0.1	0 [0–0]	0.7 [0–2.5]	0.1
<70 mg/dL	0.7 ± 1.1	5.4 ± 7.5	0.05	1.3 ± 1.6	6.5 ± 6.6	0.04^*	1.0 ± 1.9	2.6 ± 2.5	0.08
<70 mg/dL	0.3 [0–1.0]	1.9 [0.5–6.9]	0.05	0 [0–3.0]	3.6 [1.7–10.3]	0.04^*	0 [0–1.6]	1.9 [0.2–4.4]	0.08
70–140 mg/dL	52.7 ± 28.4	47.3 ± 21.8	0.4	59.6 ± 21.7	41.3 ± 20.1	0.04^*	52.5 ± 18.4	32.7 ± 16.7	0.0004^*
70–180 mg/dL	73.9 ± 21.0	65.5 ± 22.7	0.05	85.4 ± 17.9	62.1 ± 15.7	0.02^*	73.8 ± 19.3	53.4 ± 18.8	0.0001^*
>180 mg/dL	25.3 ± 21.2	29.1 ± 23.9	0.6	13.3 ± 18.7	31.4 ± 20.5	0.07	25.2 ± 19.7	44.0 ± 20.8	0.0003^*
>180 mg/dL	24.3 [14.1–28.1]	23.3 [12.3–38.4]	0.6	4.6 [0.0–24.3]	26.4 [19.6–34.9]	0.07	19.5 [10.2–36.2]	46.5 [27.7–60.8]	0.0003^*
≥250 mg/dL	6.1 ± 10.9	8.7 ± 14.1	0.3	3.3 ± 7.0	7.5 ± 7.2	0.3	8.6 ± 11.7	16.5 ± 15.0	0.04^*
≥250 mg/dL	0.5 [0.0–5.5]	4.0 [0.0–11.3]	0.3	0.0 [0.0–5.3]	4.6 [1.6–13.9]	0.3	3.4 [0.0–17.4]	9.0 [3.8–28.9]	0.04^*
≥300 mg/dL	1.3 ± 2.8	4.1 ± 8.8	0.2	0.0 ± 0.0	2.9 ± 5.1	0.1	1.8 ± 3.4	7.2 ± 10.3	0.04^*
≥300 mg/dL	0.0 [0.0–0.3]	0.0 [0.0–6.4]	0.2	0.0 [0.0–0.0]	0.0 [0.0–5.6]	0.1	0.0 [0.0–3.6]	2.1 [0.0–14.8]	0.04^*

Results are sensor glucose values, mean ± SD or median [IQR]; SI conversion factor to convert glucose to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555.

^{^*}

Statistically significant with P < 0.05.

HCL, hybrid closed-loop; IQR, interquartile range.