Table 1A.
The negative results of clinical trials of AD with EGb.
| Study | Patients and gender female | Age (years) [mean(SD)] | Ginkgo biloba dose (mg/day) | Duration | Inclusion criteria | Outcome measures | Published date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subhan and Hindmarch (1984) | 8 F | 32.0 | 120; 240; 600 | One-dose | Healthy volunteers | CFF; CRT; LARS | 1984 |
| Schaffler and Reeh (1985) | 8 M | 27.3 | 80 | 2 w | Healthy volunteers | Complex choice test; battery of oculomotor and cardiorespiratory tests | 1985 |
| Lacomblez et al. (1990) | 12 F | 22.0 | 600 | One-dose | Healthy volunteers | CFF; CRT; LARS; long memory (p <0.05) | 1990 |
| Stough et al. (2001) | 26 F; 24 M | 30.4 | 120 | 30 d | Healthy volunteers exclude head injury, intellectual developmental disability, neurological or psychiatric illness, current pregnancy, and current use of any other medication | Digit Symbol Substitution Test; Speed of Comprehension Test; Symbol Digit Modalities Test; Digit Span; Trail Making Test; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; Inspection Time; working memory | 2001 |
| Kennedy et al. (2002) | 15 F; 5 M | 21.2 | 360 | One-dose | Healthy undergraduate volunteers exclude heavy smoker and taking illicit social drugs | Cognitive measures; memory; attention; serial subtraction tasks; subjective mood measure | 2002 |
| Scholey and Kennedy (2002) | 18 F; 2 M | 19.9 | 120; 240; 360 | One-dose | Healthy volunteers exclude taking other medication and heavy smoker | serial subtractions; speed of attention | 2002 |
| Dongen et al. (2003) | EGb: 68 F; 11 M Placebo: 36 F; 8 M |
82.6 82.5 |
160; 240 | 24 w | a diagnosis of uncomplicated dementia age ≥ 50 years a score ranging from 8 to 23 on the SKT score absence of depression IQ > 80 absence serious comorbidity | Syndrom Kurz Test; Clinical Global Impression-2; Nürnberger Alters Alltagsaktivitäten Skala | 2003 |
| Mattes and Pawlik (2004) | EGb: 11 F; 10 M Placebo: 9 F; 9 M |
24.1 23.1 |
184.5 | 13 w | Healthy volunteers 18–40 years of age body weight of 45.5–91 kg no known medical conditions not taking prescription medications no chemosensory abnormalities | Affect grid; POMS | 2004 |
| Elsabagh et al. (2005) | 26 F; 26 M 19 F; 21 M |
21.3 21.2 |
120 | One-dose 6 w |
Healthy volunteers exclude current use of psychoactive or anticoagulant medication exclude alcohol or drug dependence exclude pregnancy or lactation or current use of ginkgo | SoC; SWM; word presentation; picture presentation; mood rating scale; alcohol and caffeine diaries; PRM; SRM; word recall; picture recall; PASAT | 2005 |
| Schneider et al. (2005) | 120 mg EGb: 84 F; 85 M 240 mg EGb: 96 F; 74 M Placebo: 90 F; 84 M |
78.6 78.1 77.5 |
120; 240 | 26 w | a diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type age ≥ 60 years duration of dementia symptoms at least 6 months Modified Hachinski Ischemic Score less than 4 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 10 to 24 | ADAS-cog | 2005 |
| Burns et al. (2010) | EGb: 22 F; 24 M Placebo: 21 F; 26 M EGb: 54 M Placebo: 50 M |
61.2 62.2 29.7 31.1 |
120 | 12 w | Healthy volunteers exclude taking cardiovascular, anticoagulant, antidepressant and antianxiety medication exclude any injury impaired cognitive tests | Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised | 2006 |
AD, Alzheimer’s disease; EGb, Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract; CFF, Critical Flicker Fusion test; CRT, Choice Reaction Time; LARS, Leeds Analogue Rating Scales; POMS, Profile of Mood States; SoC, Stockings of Cambridge; SWM, spatial working memory; PRM, pattern recognition memory; SRM, spatial recognition memory; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task; ADAS-cog, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale.