Table 1B.
The positive results of clinical trials of AD with EGb.
| Study | Patients and gender female | Age (years) [mean(SD)] | Ginkgo biloba dose (mg/day) | Duration | Inclusion criteria | Outcome measures included in research | Published date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wesnes et al. (1987) | EGb: 8 F; 19 M Placebo: 12 F; 15 M |
70.7 71.3 |
120 | 8 w; 12 w | Elderly patients have mild signs of impairment in everyday function on the Crichton Geriatric Rating Scale | Benton Visual Retention Test; Digit Span Test; Psychometric Test Battery | 1987 |
| Rai et al. (1991) | EGb: 8 F; 4 M Placebo: 12 F; 3 M |
73.4 78.3 |
120 | 12 w; 24 w | Age ≥ 50 years Have signs of mild to moderate memory impairment classified by NINCDS-ADRDA | Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination; Kendrick Battery (p<;0.05); digit recall task (p<0.05) | 1991 |
| Maurer et al. (1997) | EGb: 5 F; 4 M Placebo: 4 F; 5 M |
68.5 60.6 |
240 | 12 w | Age 50–80 years Hachinski Ischemic Score ≤ 4 Mild to moderate Alzheimer-type senile dementia Normal CT finding or a diffuse, possibly asymmetric, atrophy | SKT (p<0.05); Trailmaking test; ADCS | 1997 |
| Le Bars et al. (1997) | EGb: 65 F; 55 M Placebo: 72 F; 44 M |
68 | 120 | 52 w | Age ≥ 45 years A diagnosis of uncomplicated dementia Mini-Mental State Examination score of 9 to 26 Global Deterioration Scale score of 3 to 6 | ADAS-cog (p<0.05); GERRI (p<0.01) | 1997 |
| Kanowski et al. (1997) | EGb: 52 F; 27 M Placebo: 53 F; 24 M |
EGb: 70.2 (F); 69.7 (M) Placebo: 72.0 (F); 66.4 (M) |
240 | 24 w | Age ≥ 55 years SKT score of 6 to 18 MMSE score of 13 to 25 | CGI (p<0.05); SKT (p<0.05); NAB | 1997 |
| Rigney et al. (1999) | 14 F; 22 M | 43.6 | 120; 150; 240; 300 | 2 d | Asymptomatic volunteers Good physical and mental health Free from concomitant medication | Short-term memory test (p<0.05); reaction times (p<0.05) | 1999 |
| Kennedy et al. (2000) | 18 F; 2 M | 19.9 | 120; 240; 360 | One-dose | Health undergraduate volunteers Free from medication | Speed of attention (p<0.05); accuracy of attention; quality of memory (p<0.05); speed of memory (p<0.05) | 2000 |
| Le Bars et al. (2000) | EGb: 65 F; 55 M Placebo: 72 F; 44 M |
68 | 120 | 26 w | Age ≥ 45 years A diagnosis of uncomplicated AD or multi-infarct dementia MMSE score of 9 to 26 Global Deterioration Scale score of 3 to 6 | ADAS-cog (p<0.05); GERRI (p<0.01) | 2000 |
| Kanowski et al. (2003) | EGb: 72 F; 34 M Placebo: 70 F; 29 M |
72 | 240 | 24 w | Age ≥ 55 years Suffered from dementia of the Alzheimer’s type or multi-infarct dementia SKT score of 6 to 18 MMSE score of 13 to 25 | SKT (p<0.01); CGI (p<0.01); ADAS-cog (p<0.01) | 2003 |
| Mazza et al. (2006) | EGb: 13 F; 12 M Placebo: 16 F; 10 M |
66.2 69.8 |
160 | 24 w | Brief Cognitive Rating Scale score of 3 to 5 Hachinski Ischemic Score < 4 IQ > 80 | SKT (p<0.01); MMSE; CGI (p<0.01) | 2006 |
| Napryeyenko et al. (2007) | EGb: 143 F; 55 M Placebo: 142 F; 55 M |
65 63 |
240 | 22 w | Age ≥ 50 years SKT score of 9 to 23 MMSE score of 14 to 25 ADAS-cog score of 17 to 35 | NPI (p<0.01); SKT (p<0.01); GBS-ADL (p<0.01); HAMD (p<0.01) | 2007 |
| Napryeyenko et al. (2009) | EGb: 70 F; 34 M Placebo: 78 F; 32 M |
66 64 |
240 | 22 w | Age ≥ 50 years SKT score of 9 to 23 MMSE score of 14 to 25 ADAS-cog score of 17 to 35 NPI score of 5 to 12 | NPI (p<0.01); SKT (p<0.01); GBS (p<0.01) | 2009 |
| Ihl et al. (2011) | EGb: 139 F; 63 M Placebo: 133 F; 69 M |
65 | 240 | 24 w | Age ≥ 50 years Cognitive score <35 SKT score of 9 to 23 MMSE score of 14 to 25 ADAS-cog score of 17 to 35 NPI score ≥ 5 | NPI (p<0.01); SKT (p<0.01); ADCS-CGIC (p<0.01) | 2011 |
| Herrschaft et al. (2012) | EGb: 139 F; 61 M Placebo: 140 F; 62 M |
65.1 64.9 |
240 | 24 w | Age ≥ 50 years Cognitive score <35 SKT score of 9 to 23 MMSE score of 14 to 25 NPI score ≥ 6 | NPI (p<0.01); SKT (p<0.01); ADCS-CGIC (p<0.01) | 2012 |
| Ihl et al. (2012) | EGb: 109 F; 54 M Placebo: 111 F; 59 M |
64.9 64.2 |
240 | 24 w | Age ≥ 50 years Total error score < 35 SKT score of 9 to 23 MMSE score of 14 to 25 NPI score ≥ 5 | NPI (p<0.05); SKT (p<0.05); ADCS-CGIC (p<0.01) | 2012 |
| Hoerr and Nacu (2016) | EGb: 139 F; 61 M Placebo: 140 F; 62 M |
65.1 64.9 |
240 | 24 w | Scored ≤ 35 in the Test for the Early Detection of Dementia with Differentiation from Depression SKT score of 9 to 23 NPI score ≥ 6 | NPI (p<0.01); SKT (p<0.01) | 2016 |
| Rapp et al. (2018) | EGb: 69 F; 24 M Donepezil: 69 F; 28 M |
84.4 84.2 |
240 | 12 m | Age ≥ 80 years MMSE score of 10 to 23 DemTect score ≤ 9 Scheltens index ≥ 2 Fazekas score ≤ 2 | MMSE | 2019 |
SKT, Syndrom Kurz Test; GERRI, Geriatric Evaluation by Relative’s Rating Instrument; CGI, Clinical Global Impression; NAB, Nüberger Alters-Beobachtungsskala; GBS-ADL, Gottfries–Bråne–Steen activities-of-daily-living; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; HAMD, Hamilton Rating.
Scale for Depression; ADCS-CGIC, Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study—Clinical Global Impression of Change.
NINCDS-ADRDS, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association; CT, computerized tomography.