Table 2.
Multinomial Logistic Regression on type of contraception: 2003–2014.
| Variable | Traditional vs No Contraception |
Modern vs No Contraception |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age | ||||
| 15–17 | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| 18–19 | 1.35 | [0.49–3.67] | 1.31 | [0.73–2.36] |
| Formal Education | ||||
| No Education | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Primary | 0.79 | [0.15–4.01] | 1.59 | [0.65–3.92] |
| Secondary+ | 0.48 | [0.09–2.33] | 1.32 | [0.53–3.30] |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Not Married | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Married | 0.09* | [0.03–0.96] | 0.99 | [0.52–1.91] |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Rural | 1.77 | [0.55–5.52] | 1.24 | [0.75–2.08] |
| Religion | ||||
| Other | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Christianity | 0.98 | [0.97–5.35] | 0.81 | [0.39–1.69] |
| Wealth Quintile | ||||
| Poorest | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Poorer | 1.56 | [0.34–9.51] | 0.65 | [0.29–1.45] |
| Middle | 1.81 | [0.35–9.15] | 0.94 | [0.41–2.14] |
| Richer | 4.53 | [0.87–10.15] | 1.02 | [0.38–2.71] |
| Richest | 2.80 | [0.25–9.7] | 0.93 | [0.30–2.81] |
| Parity | ||||
| 0 | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| 1 | 1.48 | [0.98–4.21] | 2.56** | [1.31–5.04] |
| 2 | 2.02** | [1.04–6.72] | 2.96 | [0.93–9.43] |
| 3 | 5.98** | [2.88–7.29] | 4.87 | [0.15–15.48] |
| Frequency of Reading Newspaper | ||||
| Not at all | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Less than once a week | 0.89 | [0.45–4.79] | 1.14 | [0.42–2.07] |
| At least once a week | 0.66 | [0.29–3.49] | 1.84* | [1.05–4.78] |
| Almost everyday | 1.52 | [0.30–1.98] | 1.79 | [0.40–7.95] |
| Frequency of Watching Television | ||||
| Not at all | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Less than once a week | 0.40 | [0.07–2.38] | 0.94 | [0.42–2.07] |
| At least once a week | 1.71 | [0.44–6.68] | 2.25* | [1.06–4.78] |
| Almost everyday | 0.71 | [0.16–3.22] | 1.09 | [0.46–2.62] |
| Frequency to Listening to Radio | ||||
| Not at all | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Less than once a week | 0.09 | [0.02–1.08] | 0.88 | [0.40–2.23] |
| At least once a week | 0.30 | [0.06–1.33] | 0.89 | [0.46–2.06] |
| Almost everyday | 1.62* | [1.15–2.61] | 1.60 | [0.68–3.75] |
| Health Decision Making | ||||
| Not alone | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | |
| Alone | 0.72 | [0.19–2.62] | 1.07 | [0.53–2.15] |
| Heard family planning on radio last few months | ||||
| No | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Yes | 5.36* | [1.23–7.32] | 1.19 | [0.67–2.11] |
| Heard family planning in Newspaper/Magazine last few months | ||||
| No | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Yes | 1.34 | [0.40–4.44] | 1.36 | [0.66–2.80] |
| Heard family planning on TV last few months | ||||
| No | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Yes | 0.78 | [0.24–2.59] | 0.66 | [0.34–1.28] |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Akan | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Ga/dangme | 1.15 | [0.17–7.87] | 0.18* | [0.04–0.86] |
| Ewe | 0.37 | [0.04–3.12] | 0.63 | [0.25–1.60] |
| Guan | 1.07 | 0.73–5.62 | 0.18 | [0.02–1.61] |
| Mole-dagbani | 0.45 | [0.05–4.14] | 0.11** | [0.03–0.50] |
| Grusi | 1.91 | [0.08–42.50] | 0.70 | [0.13–3.64] |
| Gurma | 4.61 | [0.89–7.32] | 0.14 | [0.01–1.36] |
| Mande | 9.73 | [0.99–15.21] | 0.23 | [0.02–2.51] |
| Other | 1.47 | [0.71–6.33] | 1.49 | [0.09–2.56] |
| Region | ||||
| Western | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Central | 0.36 | [0.04–3.86] | 1.32 | [0.48–3.61] |
| Greater Accra | 0.13 | [0.01–1.72] | 0.89 | [0.30–2.68] |
| Volta | 0.95 | [0.05–18.26] | 2.24 | [0.64–7.92] |
| Eastern | 1.43 | [0.30–6.83] | 1.64 | [0.62–4.54] |
| Ashanti | 0.94 | [0.22–3.96] | 0.98 | [0.40–2.38] |
| Brong Ahafo | 1.49 | [0.33–6.62] | 1.81 | [0.70–4.67] |
| Northern | 3.10 | [0.98–3.56] | 1.67 | [0.30–9.24] |
| Upper East | 2.62 | [0.17–39.02] | 8.10** | [1.44–12.76] |
| Upper West | 0.59 | [0.02–14.11] | 5.16 | [0.88–29.97] |
| Survey wave | ||||
| 2003 | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| 2008 | 2.82 | [0.68–11.56] | 0.44 | [0.16–1.16] |
| 2014 | 0.83 | [0.12–5.52] | 1.08 | [0.50–2.37] |
Sources: GDHS 2003, 2008, 2014, OR=Odds Ratio, CI=Confidence Interval in square brackets; 1 = Reference Category; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001