Fig. 1.

O-GlcNAc is increased in intestinal tissues of CD individuals. Infection of AIEC LF82 leads to the increase of O-GlcNAc in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. (a - c) Assessment of O-GlcNAc in ileal and colon tissues from healthy (n = 45), active CD (n = 36), and inactive CD (n = 22) individuals by IHC. (a) Representative staining of O-GlcNAc for ileal tissues from each group is presented. Scale bar = 50 µm. (b) Percentage of samples with high or low expression of O-GlcNAc in (a). (c) H-scores of O-GlcNAc in (a) (see Materials and Methods for an explanation of H scores). (d) AIEC strain LF82 was used to infect HCT116 cells (MOI = 10) for the indicated time. Heat-inactivated AIEC LF82 was used in parallel. After the infection, cells were washed and lysed for the western blot analysis. Thirty micrograms of the whole cell extracts were used for the detection. GAPDH was measured for loading control. (e - g) C57BL/6 mice were given 1 - 3 × 10⁸ AIEC LF82 per day in 200 μL PBS by gavage for 2 weeks. The mice were euthanized for the IHC analysis. (e) Ileal epithelia were fixed for the O-GlcNAc staining by IHC. Scale bar = 50 µm. (f) Percentage of samples with high or low expression of O-GlcNAc in (e). (g) H-scores of O-GlcNAc in (e). * P < .05 and ** P < .01 (Student's t-test).