Table 5.

Risk factors for anticoagulation-related bleeding.

	Risk factor	Possible risk factor
Clinical markers	History of bleeding Antiplatelets or NSAID use Excess alcohol Uncontrolled hypertension Increasing age Malignancy Prior stroke Vascular disease Race/ethnicity (non-white) Choice of anticoagulant	Diabetes mellitus Female sex Prior falls Thyroid disease Prior MI or known IHD
Biological markers	Poor anticoagulation control (high INR or reduced TTR) Liver dysfunction Renal dysfunction Anemia Reduced platelet count or function	Interleukin-6 von Willebrand factor Growth differentiation factor-15 Troponins
Genetic marker	CYP 2C9 polymorphism

CYP, cytochrome P450; IHD, ischemic heart disease; INR, international normalized ratio; MI, myocardial infarction; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; TTR, time-in-therapeutic range.