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. 2020 Feb 21;8:32. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00032

Table 5.

Pairwise Granger causality tests.

F-Statistic P-value
H0: Δln(GDP)+ ≠ > Δln(LE) 6.026 0.00**
H0: Δln(LE) ≠ > Δln(GDP)+ 1.203 0.30
H0: Δln(GDP)+ ≠ > Δln(LE) 5.316 0.00**
H0: Δln(LE) ≠ > Δln(GDP)+ 1.278 0.28
H0: Δln(GDP) ≠ > Δln(GDP)+ 4.472 0.01*
H0: Δln(GDP)+ ≠ > Δln(GDP) 0.295 0.74
**

and

*

signify 1 and 5% significance levels, respectively.