Table 5.

Pairwise Granger causality tests.

			F-Statistic	P-value
H0: Δln(GDP)+	≠ >	Δln(LE)	6.026	0.00**
H0: Δln(LE)	≠ >	Δln(GDP)+	1.203	0.30
H0: Δln(GDP)+	≠ >	Δln(LE)	5.316	0.00**
H0: Δln(LE)	≠ >	Δln(GDP)+	1.278	0.28
H0: Δln(GDP)−	≠ >	Δln(GDP)+	4.472	0.01*
H0: Δln(GDP)+	≠ >	Δln(GDP)−	0.295	0.74

^**and

^*signify 1 and 5% significance levels, respectively.