Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics by opioid use status
| No opioids (n=4645) | Short term opioids (n=1505) | Chronic opioids (n=301) | p-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (median, p25-p75) | 54 (49–58) | 53 (48–58) | 53 (50–58) | 0.092 | |
| Male Sex (%) | 2786 (60.0%) | 774 (51.4%) | 175 (58.1%) | <0.001 | |
| Region | East | 912 (19.6%) | 244 (16.2%) | 49 (16.3%) | 0.024 |
| Midwest | 1388 (29.9%) | 455 (30.2%) | 68 (22.6%) | ||
| South | 1372 (29.5%) | 377 (25.0%) | 60 (19.9%) | ||
| West | 973 (20.9%) | 429 (28.5%) | 124 (41.2%) | ||
| CCI | 1 | 2244 (48.3%) | 540 (35.9%) | 95 (31.6%) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 1303 (28.1%) | 465 (30.9%) | 87 (28.9%) | ||
| >2 | 1098 (23.6%) | 500 (33.2%) | 119 (39.5%) | ||
| Depression | 508 (10.9%) | 254 (16.9%) | 74 (24.6%) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1154 (24.8%) | 462 (30.7%) | 94 (31.2%) | <0.001 | |
| Cirrhosis aetiology | ALD | 747 (16.1%) | 222 (14.8%) | 27 (9.0%) | <0.001 |
| Viral hepatitis | 1660 (35.7%) | 509 (33.8%) | 139 (46.2%) | ||
| Other | 2238 (48.2%) | 774 (51.4%) | 135 (44.9%) | ||
| TCA use | 224 (4.8%) | 158 (10.5%) | 47 (15.6%) | <0.001 | |
| Statin use | 392 (8.4%) | 194 (12.9%) | 32 (10.6%) | <0.001 | |
| Levothyroxine use | 92 (2.0%) | 40 (2.7%) | 9 (3.0%) | 0.183 | |
| Gabapentanoid use | 59 (1.3%) | 50 (3.3%) | 37 (12.3%) | <0.001 | |
| Benzodiazepine use | 498 (10.7%) | 283 (18.8%) | 111 (36.9%) | <0.001 | |
| Prior opioids† | 701 (15.1%) | 607 (40.3%) | 261 (86.7%) | <0.001 | |
ALD: alcohol-related liver disease; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; TCA: tricyclic antidepressant
*
Bivariate comparison via Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and χ-square for categorical variables
†
Opioid prescription in the year prior to cirrhosis diagnosis