Table 1.

Neuroplasticity Markers Across Levels of Analysis

Level of analysis	Dysfunctional State	Treatment Goal State
Molecular/cellular	↓synaptic number and function, neuronal atrophy	↑synaptogenesis, ↑neurotrophic factors
Neural network	↓PFC-limbic circuit connectivity	↑PFC-limbic connectivity and ↑PFC regulatory control over limbic regions
Cognitive Function	↓flexibility, ↓cognitive control, ↓goal-directed inhibition/excitation of lower-order functions	↑flexibility and cognitive control, ↑goal-directed inhibition/excitation capacity
Affective Information Processing	rigid negative biases in implicit information processing (e.g., attention, memory, interpretations, self-representations)	unbiased and flexible information processing
Clinical/self-report	Perseverative negative thoughts, repetitive maladaptive behaviors, depression	novel positive thoughts/perceptions, diversified behavioral repertoire, euthymic mood, improved function/engagement