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Retinoic acid suppressed SMC EV TNAP activity. (A) EV TNAP activity from primary human coronary artery SMC treated for two weeks in CM or OM with DMSO vehicle (0.1%) or 1 μmol/L ATRA. (B) SMC EV abundance and (C) diameter from SMC treated for two weeks. Error bars indicate STDEV of mean. ****P < 0.0001 analyzed by ANOVA; n = 9 donors.
