Table 2.

Information on the sequences used in this study.

Subfamily	Tribe	Scientific name*	NCBI accession (nrDNA)	NCBI accession (Plastome)	Life style	Length (bp)	LSC (bp)	SSC (bp)	IR (bp)	GC %	# of coding genes	# of pseudo- genes	# of tRNAs
Epidendroideae	Arethuseae	Bletilla ochracea	–	NC029483	Terrestrial	157,431	85,810	17,949	26,836	37.3	74	9	30
Epidendroideae	Arethuseae	Bletilla striata	–	NC028422	Terrestrial	157,393	86,213	17,742	26,719	37.2	74	9	29
Epidendroideae	Arethuseae	Pleione bulbocodioides	–	NC036342	Terrestrial	159,269	87,121	18,712	26,718	37.2	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Collabieae	Calanthe aristulifera	MN221390	MN200378	Terrestrial	158,204	86,889	18,369	26,473	36.7	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Collabieae	Calanthe bicolor	MN221391	MN200379	Terrestrial	158,070	87,000	18,342	26,364	36.7	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Collabieae	Calanthe davidii	–	NC037438	Terrestrial	153,629	86,045	15,672	25,956	36.9	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Collabieae	Calanthe triplicata	–	NC024544	Terrestrial	158,759	87,305	18,460	26,497	36.7	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Cymbidieae	Cymbidium goeringii	–	NC028524	Terrestrial	157,192	85,749	17,883	26,780	36.9	74	9	30
Epidendroideae	Cymbidieae	Cymbidium lancifolium	–	NC029712	Terrestrial	149,945	84,716	13,895	25,667	37.1	73	8	30
Epidendroideae	Cymbidieae	Cymbidium macrorhizon	MK333261	KY354040	Terrestrial	149,859	85,187	13,766	25,453	37.0	73	8	30
Epidendroideae	Cymbidieae	Dipodium roseum	MN221399	MN200386	Terrestrial	141,209	81,787	10,352	24,535	36.9	71	3	30
Epidendroideae	Cymbidieae	Erycina pusilla	–	NC018114	Epiphyte	143,164	83,733	11,675	23,878	36.7	71	6	29
Epidendroideae	Cymbidieae	Eulophia zollingeri	–	NC037212	Terrestrial	145,201	81,566	13,091	25,272	36.9	73	6	29
Epidendroideae	Cymbidieae	Oncidium sphacelatum	–	NC028148	Epiphyte	147,761	83,575	12,670	25,758	37.1	73	4	30
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis	–	NC040980	Terrestrial	149,313	83,331	14,718	25,632	37.1	72	8	29
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Cattleya crispata	–	NC026568	Epiphyte	148,343	85,973	13,261	24,495	37.3	75	7	30
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Cattleya liliputana	–	NC032083	Epiphyte	147,092	85,945	13,149	24,304	37.4	75	7	30
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Corallorhiza bulbosa	–	NC025659	Terrestrial	148,643	82,851	12,368	26,712	37.1	72	7	29
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Corallorhiza macrantha	–	NC025660	Terrestrial	151,031	84,263	12,544	27,112	37.2	70	9	29
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Corallorhiza maculata var. maculata 1	MN221392	MN200380	Terrestrial	146,198	79,612	13,018	26,784	36.8	53	22	30
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Corallorhiza maculata var. maculata 2	–	KM390014	Terrestrial	146,886	80,395	12,885	26,803	36.8	55	25	29
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Corallorhiza maculata var. mexicana	–	KM390015	Terrestrial	151,506	84,347	12,671	27,244	37.1	71	8	29
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Corallorhiza maculata var. occidentalis	–	KM390016	Terrestrial	146,595	81,363	12,368	26,432	36.9	58	22	30
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Corallorhiza mertensiana	–	NC025661	Terrestrial	147,941	81,109	13,774	26,529	36.8	58	22	29
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Corallorhiza odontorhiza	–	NC025664	Terrestrial	147,317	82,257	13,508	25,776	37.0	71	8	29
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Corallorhiza striata var. vreelandii	–	JX087681	Terrestrial	137,505	72,631	12,388	26,243	36.4	46	30	29
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Corallorhiza trifida	–	NC025662	Terrestrial	149,384	83,092	14,420	25,936	37.2	72	9	29
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Corallorhiza wisteriana	–	NC025663	Terrestrial	146,437	76,350	17,743	26,172	37.1	71	8	29
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Cremastra appendiculata	–	NC037439	Terrestrial	155,320	87,098	15,478	26,372	37.2	76	5	30
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Cremastra unguiculata	MN221393	MN200381	Terrestrial	159,341	87,031	18,252	27,029	36.9	82	0	30
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Hexalectris warnockii	–	MH444822	Terrestrial	119,057	66,903	17,490	17,332	36.9	41	26	29
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Masdevallia coccinea	–	NC026541	Terrestrial	157,423	84,957	18,448	27,009	36.8	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Masdevallia picturata	–	NC026777	Epiphyte	156,045	84,948	18,029	26,534	36.9	83	0	29
Epidendroideae	Epidendreae	Oreorchis patens	MN221415	MN200369	Terrestrial	158,542	86,437	18,443	26,831	36.9	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Gastrodieae	Gastrodia elata 2	–	NC037409	Terrestrial	35,304	(SC Only)	(SC Only)	-	34.2	23	2	5
Epidendroideae	Gastrodieae	Gastrodia elata 1	MN221402	MN200389	Terrestrial	35,056	(SC Only)	(SC Only)	-	26.7	23	2	5
Epidendroideae	Malaxideae	Bulbophyllum inconspicuum	MN221389	MN200377	Epiphyte	149,548	85,760	12,136	25,826	37.0	78	0	30
Epidendroideae	Malaxideae	Dendrobium moniliforme 2	–	NC035154	Epiphyte	148,778	84,867	11,945	25,983	37.5	70	5	30
Epidendroideae	Malaxideae	Dendrobium moniliforme 1	MN221396	MN200384	Epiphyte	151,711	84,773	14,352	26,293	37.5	73	7	30
Epidendroideae	Malaxideae	Dendrobium moniliforme ‘Royal Dream'	MN221397	MN200385	Epiphyte	151,695	84,758	14,351	26,293	37.5	73	7	30
Epidendroideae	Malaxideae	Dendrobium moniliforme ‘Sangeum'	MN221398	MN200383	Epiphyte	151,711	84,773	14,352	26,293	37.5	73	7	30
Epidendroideae	Malaxideae	Dendrobium nobile	–	NC029456	Epiphyte	153,660	85,686	14,654	26,660	37.5	73	7	30
Epidendroideae	Malaxideae	Dendrobium officinale	–	NC024019	Epiphyte	152,221	85,109	14,516	26,298	37.5	73	7	30
Epidendroideae	Malaxideae	Liparis auriculata	MN221412	MN200365	Terrestrial	153,460	83,785	17,731	25,972	36.9	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Malaxideae	Liparis loeselii	-	MF374688	Terrestrial	153,687	84,596	17,673	25,709	36.9	74	9	29
Epidendroideae	Malaxideae	Liparis makinoana	MN221413	MN200368	Terrestrial	153,093	83,533	17,746	25,907	36.9	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Malaxideae	Oberonia japonica	MN221414	NC035832	Epiphyte	142,996	81,669	10,969	25,179	37.4	72	2	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Aphyllorchis montana	–	NC030703	Terrestrial	94,559	(SC Only)	(SC Only)	-	37.1	38	26	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Cephalanthera humilis	–	NC030706	Terrestrial	157,011	86,908	15,133	27,485	37.3	71	10	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Cephalanthera longifolia	–	NC030704	Terrestrial	161,877	88,806	19,187	26,942	37.2	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Epipactis mairei	–	NC030705	Terrestrial	159,019	86,377	18,816	26,913	37.3	81	2	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Epipactis thunbergii	MN221400	MN200387	Terrestrial	159,279	87,297	18,638	26,672	37.3	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Epipactis veratrifolia	–	NC030708	Terrestrial	159,719	87,043	18,854	26,911	37.3	82	1	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Limodorum abortivum	–	MH590355	Terrestrial	154,847	85,544	15,099	27,102	37.5	76	0	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Neottia acuminata	–	NC030709	Terrestrial	83,190	51,145	5,371	13,337	36.6	31	20	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Neottia camtschatea	–	NC030707	Terrestrial	106,385	52,960	9,273	22,076	37.2	38	29	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Neottia fugongensis	–	NC030711	Terrestrial	156,536	85,357	18,311	26,434	31.6	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Neottia listeroides	–	NC030713	Terrestrial	110,246	45,021	9,597	27,814	37.2	31	25	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Neottia nidus-avis	–	NC016471	Terrestrial	92,060	36,422	7,822	23,908	34.4	29	8	27
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Neottia ovata	–	NC030712	Terrestrial	156,978	85,433	18,071	26,737	37.6	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Neottia pinetorum	–	NC030710	Terrestrial	155,959	84,449	18,104	26,703	37.5	82	1	30
Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Palmorchis pabstii	–	NC041190	Terrestrial	163,909	90,710	18,823	27,188	37.3	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Nervilieae	Epipogium aphyllum	–	NC026449	Terrestrial	30,650	8,030	0	11,310	32.8	21	0	6
Epidendroideae	Nervilieae	Epipogium roseum	–	NC026448	Terrestrial	19,047	9,618	8,907	261	30.6	22	0	7
Epidendroideae	Sobralieae	Elleanthus sodiroi	–	NC027266	Terrestrial	161,511	88,425	18,880	27,103	37.1	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Sobralieae	Sobralia aff. bouchei HTK-2015	–	NC028209	Terrestrial/Epiphyte	161,543	88,684	18,835	27,012	37.1	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Sobralieae	Sobralia callosa	–	NC028147	Terrestrial	161,430	88,666	18,794	26,985	37.1	83	0	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Gastrochilus fuscopunctatus	MK317970	NC035830	Epiphyte	146,183	83,125	11,146	25,956	36.8	72	2	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Gastrochilus japonicus	MK317969	NC035833	Epiphyte	147,697	84,695	11,174	25,914	36.8	72	2	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Holcoglossum amesianum	–	NC041511	Epiphyte	148,074	84,250	12,026	25,899	36.6	72	4	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Holcoglossum flavescens	–	NC041512	Epiphyte	146,863	83,288	11,959	25,808	36.7	72	4	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Holcoglossum lingulatum	–	NC041465	Epiphyte	146,525	83,762	11,274	25,769	36.8	72	6	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Neofinetia falcata	MK317968	KT726909	Epiphyte	146,491	83,802	11,775	25,457	36.6	72	4	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Neofinetia falcata ‘CheongSan'	MK317971	NC036372	Epiphyte	146,497	83,808	11,775	25,457	36.6	72	4	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Neofinetia richardsiana	MK317967	NC036373	Epiphyte	146,498	83,809	11,775	25,457	36.6	72	4	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Pelatantheria scolopendrifolia	MK317972	NC035829	Epiphyte	146,860	86,075	11,735	24,525	36.5	72	1	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Pendulorchis himalaica	–	NC041513	Epiphyte	145,207	83,712	11,413	25,041	36.6	72	4	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana	–	NC007499	Epiphyte	148,964	85,957	11,543	25,732	36.7	71	3	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Phalaenopsis equestris	–	NC017609	Epiphyte	148,959	85,967	11,300	25,846	36.7	71	8	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Phalaenopsis ‘Tiny Star'	–	NC025593	Epiphyte	148,918	85,885	11,523	25,755	36.7	71	7	31
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Sedirea japonica	MN221419	MN200373	Epiphyte	146,942	84,882	10,568	25,746	32.2	72	2	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Thrixspermum japonicum	MK317966	NC035831	Epiphyte	149,220	85,301	11,546	26,187	36.1	71	1	30
Epidendroideae	Vandeae	Vanda brunnea	–	NC041522	Epiphyte	149,216	85,783	11,713	25,860	36.7	72	7	30
Orchidoideae	Cranichideae	Anoectochilus emeiensis	–	NC033895	Terrestrial	152,650	82,670	17,342	26,319	36.9	80	0	31
Orchidoideae	Cranichideae	Goodyera fumata	–	NC026773	Terrestrial	155,643	84,077	18,342	26,612	37.3	83	0	30
Orchidoideae	Cranichideae	Goodyera procera	–	NC029363	Terrestrial	153,240	82,032	18,406	26,401	37.6	76	0	31
Orchidoideae	Cranichideae	Goodyera rosulacea	MN221403	MN200390	Terrestrial	152,831	82,041	17,720	26,535	36.8	83	0	30
Orchidoideae	Cranichideae	Goodyera schlechtendaliana	–	NC029364	Terrestrial	154,348	83,215	18,051	26,541	37.2	79	0	31
Orchidoideae	Cranichideae	Goodyera velutina	–	NC029365	Terrestrial	152,692	82,443	17,247	26,501	36.9	76	0	31
Orchidoideae	Cranichideae	Hetaeria shikokiana	MN221408	MN200367	Terrestrial	130,934	64,694	2,320	31,960	36.3	44	19	30
Orchidoideae	Cranichideae	Kuhlhasseltia nakaiana	MN221409	KY354041	Terrestrial	147,614	81,617	13,673	26,162	39.5	73	0	30
Orchidoideae	Cranichideae	Ludisia discolor	–	NC030540	Terrestrial	153,054	82,675	17,233	26,573	37.0	82	0	30
Orchidoideae	Diurideae	Rhizanthella gardneri	–	NC014874	Terrestrial	59,190	26,360	13,295	9,767	34.2	24	4	9
Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Amitostigma gracile	MN221388	MN200376	Terrestrial	156,120	85,171	18,165	26,392	36.4	83	0	30
Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Dactylorhiza viridis var. coreana	MN221395	MN200382	Terrestrial	153,549	82,715	17,728	26,553	31.9	83	0	30
Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Galearis cyclochila	MN221401	MN200388	Terrestrial	153,928	83,308	17,772	26,424	36.9	83	0	30
Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Gymnadenia conopsea	MN221404	MN200391	Terrestrial	153,876	83,142	17,702	26,516	38.6	83	0	29
Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Habenaria chejuensis	MN221405	MN200392	Terrestrial	153,896	83,732	17,026	26,569	36.6	82	0	30
Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Habenaria flagellifera	MN221406	MN200366	Terrestrial	151,210	81,072	17,110	26,514	36.7	83	0	30
Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Habenaria pantlingiana	–	NC026775	Terrestrial	153,951	83,641	17,370	26,470	36.6	83	0	30
Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Habenaria radiata	MN221407	NC035834	Terrestrial	155,353	84,833	17,718	26,401	36.5	83	0	30
Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Ophrys fusca subsp. iricolor	–	AP018716	Terrestrial	150,177	80,541	16,940	26,348	36.8	83	0	22
Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Ophrys sphegodes	–	AP018717	Terrestrial	146,754	80,471	16,177	25,053	36.9	83	0	22
Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Platanthera japonica	–	NC037440	Terrestrial	154,995	85,979	13,664	27,676	37.0	82	0	30
Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Platanthera mandarinorum	MN221416	MN200370	Terrestrial	154,162	83,325	17,757	26,540	36.8	83	0	30
Cypripedioideae	Cypripedioideae	Cypripedium formosanum	–	NC026772	Terrestrial	178,131	102,188	21,921	27,011	33.9	83	0	31
Cypripedioideae	Cypripedioideae	Cypripedium japonicum	–	NC027227	Terrestrial	174,417	97,322	21,911	27,592	34.5	82	1	30
Cypripedioideae	Cypripedioideae	Paphiopedilum armeniacum	–	NC026779	Terrestrial	162,682	91,734	3,666	33,641	35.4	72	5	30
Cypripedioideae	Cypripedioideae	Paphiopedilum dianthum	–	NC036958	Epiphyte	154,699	86,861	2,416	32,711	35.9	71	3	30
Cypripedioideae	Cypripedioideae	Paphiopedilum niveum	–	NC026776	Terrestrial	159,108	89,856	5,194	32,029	35.7	71	5	30
Cypripedioideae	Cypripedioideae	Phragmipedium longifolium	–	NC028149	Terrestrial	151,157	88,367	13,066	24,862	36.1	71	4	30
Vanilloideae	Pogonieae	Pogonia japonica	MN221417	MN200371	Terrestrial	158,200	87,447	5,387	32,683	36.4	72	4	30
Vanilloideae	Pogonieae	Pogonia minor	MN221418	MN200372	Terrestrial	158,170	87,457	5,375	32,669	36.4	72	4	30
Vanilloideae	Vanilleae	Cyrtosia septentrionalis	MN221394	MH615835	Terrestrial	96,859	58,085	10,414	17,946	34.8	41	0	25
Vanilloideae	Vanilleae	Lecanorchis japonica	MN221410	MN200364	Terrestrial	70,498	28,197	14,493	13,904	30.4	25	3	7
Vanilloideae	Vanilleae	Lecanorchis kiusiana	MN221411	MN200363	Terrestrial	74,084	30,824	14,118	14,571	30.0	25	2	8
Vanilloideae	Vanilleae	Vanilla aphylla	–	NC035320	Epiphyte	150,184	87,379	2,131	30,337	35.0	65	7	29
Vanilloideae	Vanilleae	Vanilla madagascariensis	MN221420	MN200374	Epiphyte	151,552	87,490	1,254	31,404	34.6	71	1	29
Vanilloideae	Vanilleae	Vanilla planifolia 2	–	NC026778	Epiphyte	148,011	86,358	2,037	29,808	35.4	72	1	30
Vanilloideae	Vanilleae	Vanilla planifolia 1	MN221421	MN200375	Epiphyte	147,714	86,061	2,037	29,808	35.4	72	1	30
Vanilloideae	Vanilleae	Vanilla pompona	–	NC036809	Epiphyte	148,009	86,358	2,037	29,807	35.4	72	1	30
Apostasioideae	Apostasioideae	Apostasia odorata	–	NC030722	Terrestrial	159,285	86,172	18,765	27,174	35.7	82	1	30
Apostasioideae	Apostasioideae	Apostasia wallichii	–	NC036260	Terrestrial	156,126	83,031	20,187	26,454	36.1	73	10	30
Apostasioideae	Apostasioideae	Neuwiedia zollingeri var. singapureana	–	LC199503	Terrestrial	161,068	88,910	18,056	27,051	36.0	73	10	29
Amarylidaceae (Outgroup)	Amarylidaceae (Outgroup)	Allium cepa	–	KM088013	Terrestrial	153,529	82,662	17,931	26,468	36.8	82	0	30
Asparagaceae (Outgroup)	Asparagaceae (Outgroup)	Eustrephus latifolius	–	NC025305	Terrestrial	159,736	82,403	13,607	31,863	38.1	78	2	30
Iridaceae (Outgroup)	Iridaceae (Outgroup)	Iris gatesii	–	NC024936	Terrestrial	153,441	82,702	18,371	26,184	37.9	83	0	29
Iridaceae (Outgroup)	Iridaceae (Outgroup)	Iris sanguinea	–	NC029227	Terrestrial	152,408	82,340	18,016	26,026	38.0	83	0	30
Liliales (Outgroup)	Liliales (Outgroup)	Fritillaria hupehensis	–	NC024736	Terrestrial	152,145	81,894	17,553	26,349	37.0	80	2	30

*Red scientific name indicates that the species is mixotroph or obligate (full) mycoheterotroph throughout its life cycle. The bold NCBI accession numbers for nrDNAs and plastomes indicate that the species’ NGS data were generated in this study.