| Amplitude |
Magnitude of an oscillatory signal, measured in microvolts |
| Coherence |
A measure of oscillatory amplitude or phase consistency between a pair of electrodes |
| Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) |
Interaction between two frequency bands such that one oscillation modulates the amplitude or phase of a second oscillation |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) |
Non-invasive technique with millisecond temporal resolution used to measure changes in electrical cortical activity that accompanies sensory and cognitive processing |
| Event-related desynchronization (ERD)/synchronization (ERS) |
Event-related difference in frequency band power relative to baseline; ERD reflects a decrease in post-stimulus EEG power, whereas ERS reflects an increase |
| Event-related potential (ERP) |
Averaged EEG waveform time-locked to a stimulus or response event |
| Frequency band |
Range of frequencies used in EEG analysis, denoted by different Greek letters: delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (12–30 Hz), and gamma (>30 Hz) |
| Neural oscillation |
Rhythmic fluctuation in excitability of neural assemblies |
| Power |
Squared amplitude of EEG signal within a frequency band |
| Phase |
The position of an oscillation at a given point in time, measured in radians (0–2π) or degrees (0–360) |
| Phase synchrony |
A measure of the relationship between the phases of two oscillations, irrespective of amplitude |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
Non-invasive neuromodulatory technique in which magnetic pulses are used to stimulate a targeted brain region |
| Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) |
Non-invasive neuromodulatory technique that delivers oscillating current at a desired frequency |
