TABLE 2.

This table summarizes the findings of the effects of music training on working memory and oscillatory activity.

Study	Task	FB	EEG measure	Behavioral results	Oscillatory results
					Active recording	Resting state
Bhattacharya et al., 2001	Shepard–Metzler task of mental rotation	γ	Coherence	–	γ (Overall): M > NM γ (L-hemi): M > NM γ (R-hemi): M < NM	–
Boutorabi and Sheikhani, 2018	Spatial working memory	δθαβγ	Coherence	–	δ (T, C, P): M < NM θ (F,C,P): M < NM α (C,P): M < NM β (F, T, C, P): M < NM γ (C): M < NM γ (F,T): M > NM	–
Cheung et al., 2017	- HKLLT (verbal memory) - Visual reproduction (visual memory)	θ	Coherence	Verbal memory: M > NM Visual memory: M = NM	During encoding: θ (long-range, intrahemi.): M > NM	θ: M = NM
Dittinger et al., 2017	- Matching task - Semantic task - Backward digit span	θ	Coherence	Semantic task: M > NM BDS: M = NM	θ (L-hemi): M > NM ↑ Mus. Experience = ↑θ (L dorsal pathways)	–
Hsu et al., 2017	N-back (tonal)	β	Feature analysis	–	β: Response Speed: M > NM Response Intensity: M > NM Response Power: M > NM	–
Klein et al., 2016	Visual Sternberg	θαβ	Covariance mapping analysis	Correct responses: M = NM RT: M = NM	α (F,P): Mus prestimulus activity neg. correlates with RT.	All FB: M = NM

M, musicians; NM, non-musicians; FB, frequency band; F, frontal; C, central; T, temporal; P, parietal; O, occipital; M, medial; L, left; R, right; RT, reaction time; BDS, backward digit span.