TABLE 7.

Standardized Factor Loadings for each country in the scalar invariance model.

Netherlands (Ntotal = 5398)
Learning Climate (4 items)	0.561	0.634	0.520	0.704
Classroom Management (7 items)	0.696	0.565	0.722	0.563	0.690	0.539	0.693
Clarity of Instruction (7 items)	0.535	0.727	0.634	0.647	0.680	0.673	0.608
Activating Teaching (9 items)	0.612	0.575	0.622	0.679	0.627	0.686	0.687	0.728	0.748
Differentiation (4 items)	0.665	0.704	0.697	0.692
Learning Strategies (5 items)	0.684	0.647	0.628	0.630	0.646
Indonesia (Ntotal = 4565)
Learning Climate (4 items)	0.548	0.533	0.482	0.610
Classroom Management (7 items)	0.581	0.543	0.612	0.508	0.619	0.537	0.618
Clarity of Instruction (7 items)	0.502	0.617	0.552	0.576	0.543	0.551	0.580
Activating Teaching (9 items)	0.459	0.498	0.479	0.608	0.556	0.527	0.623	0.619	0.606
Differentiation (4 items)	0.543	0.509	0.568	0.554
Learning Strategies (5 items)	0.626	0.528	0.575	0.557	0.607
South Korea (Ntotal = 6659)
Learning Climate (4 items)	0.721	0.730	0.713	0.749
Classroom Management (7 items)	0.742	0.671	0.773	0.649	0.737	0.697	0.767
Clarity of Instruction (7 items)	0.650	0.742	0.705	0.719	0.766	0.734	0.713
Activating Teaching (9 items)	0.670	0.698	0.617	0.799	0.745	0.726	0.768	0.780	0.772
Differentiation (4 items)	0.729	0.720	0.744	0.655
Learning Strategies (5 items)	0.770	0.751	0.760	0.689	0.696
South Africa (Ntotal = 2678)
Learning Climate (4 items)	0.638	0.668	0.640	0.712
Classroom Management (7 items)	0.661	0.631	0.714	0.598	0.678	0.641	0.695
Clarity of Instruction (7 items)	0.628	0.725	0.688	0.666	0.662	0.702	0.662
Activating Teaching (9 items)	0.609	0.597	0.601	0.689	0.667	0.673	0.695	0.696	0.715
Differentiation (4 items)	0.600	0.644	0.685	0.646
Learning Strategies (5 items)	0.677	0.645	0.649	0.620	0.657
Spain (Ntotal = 4027)
Learning Climate (4 items)	0.515	0.579	0.490	0.655
Classroom Management (7 items)	0.612	0.490	0.513	0.511	0.590	0.509	0.634
Clarity of Instruction (7 items)	0.386	0.488	0.502	0.462	0.535	0.521	0.501
Activating Teaching (9 items)	0.495	0.444	0.495	0.571	0.541	0.569	0.574	0.576	0.618
Differentiation (4 items)	0.501	0.509	0.560	0.494
Learning Strategies (5 items)	0.538	0.562	0.552	0.530	0.530
Turkey (Ntotal = 6372)
Learning Climate (4 items)	0.648	0.707	0.508	0.730
Classroom Management (7 items)	0.722	0.597	0.599	0.574	0.724	0.633	0.717
Clarity of Instruction (7 items)	0.643	0.759	0.735	0.718	0.684	0.759	0.736
Activating Teaching (9 items)	0.668	0.648	0.447	0.756	0.682	0.699	0.774	0.797	0.768
Differentiation (4 items)	0.707	0.713	0.734	0.706
Learning Strategies (5 items)	0.744	0.722	0.672	0.688	0.706