Table 1.
Maternal Characteristics of Fijian women with GDM
| Study characteristics | n = 255 | % |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal sociodemographic characteristics | ||
| Age (years) | 30.7 ± 5.5 | |
| 18–25 | 46 | 18.0 |
| 26–35 | 160 | 62.8 |
| ≥ 36 | 49 | 19.2 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Others§ | 22 | 8.6 |
| Itaukei Fijians | 126 | 49.4 |
| FIDs | 107 | 42.0 |
| Educational levelǂ | ||
| Non-tertiary (primary/secondary) | 157 | 62.8 |
| Tertiary (university/polytechnic) | 93 | 37.2 |
| Marital status | ||
| Not married | 30 | 11.8 |
| Married | 225 | 88.2 |
| Gravidity (number of pregnancies) | ||
| Primigravid (first pregnancy) | 34 | 13.3 |
| Multiparous (2/more children) | 177 | 69.4 |
| Grand multiparous (≥5 children) | 44 | 17.3 |
| Maternal risk factors (yes, no) | ||
| Family history of diabetes | ||
| Yes | 128 | 50.2 |
| No | 127 | 49.8 |
| Previous history of GDM | ||
| Yes | 11 | 4.3 |
| No | 244 | 95.7 |
| Previous baby > 4 kg | ||
| Yes | 55 | 21.6 |
| No | 200 | 78.4 |
| Previous stillbirth | ||
| Yes | 11 | 4.3 |
| No | 244 | 95.7 |
| Previous neonatal death | ||
| Yes | 10 | 3.9 |
| No | 245 | 96.1 |
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2)ǂ | 33.2 ± 7.5 | |
| Underweight/normal (< 25) | 35 | 14.9 |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 40 | 17.0 |
| Obese (classes 1–3, ≥30.0) | 160 | 68.1 |
| Antenatal factors (weeks) | ||
| Gestational age at booking | 18.9 ± 7.5 | |
| 1st trimester (0–13) | 79 | 31.0 |
| 2nd trimester (14–27) | 134 | 52.6 |
| 3rd trimester (≥28) | 42 | 16.5 |
| Gestational age at GDM diagnosis | 25.6 ± 7.8 | |
| 1st trimester (0–13) | 26 | 10.2 |
| 2nd trimester (14–27) | 111 | 43.5 |
| 3rd trimester (≥27) | 118 | 46.3 |
| Gestational age at delivery | 38.3 ± 2.2 | |
| < 37 | 44 | 17.2 |
| 37–41 | 211 | 82.8 |
| Maternal post-pregnancy factors | ||
| Mode of delivery | ||
| Vaginal delivery | 173 | 67.8 |
| Caesarean section | 82 | 32.2 |
| Induced labour | ||
| Yes | 98 | 38.4 |
| No | 157 | 61.6 |
| Preeclampsia | ||
| Yes | 48 | 18.8 |
| No | 207 | 81.2 |
| Polyhydramnios | ||
| Yes | 2 | 0.8 |
| No | 253 | 99.2 |
| Infectionǂ | ||
| Yes | 3 | 1.2 |
| No | 251 | 98.8 |
BMI body mass index, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, FIDs Fijians of Indian Descent
§others means part-Europeans, Chinese, and other Pacific Islanders
ǂthere were few missing data, so the denominator was less than 255