Table 3.
Prevalence, unadjusted (OR) and odds ratios (AOR) for neonatal hypoglycaemia among Fijian women with GDM, 2013–2014
| Variables | Prevalence of hypoglycaemia (%) | OR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal sociodemographic factors | |||||
| Age (years) | |||||
| 18–25 | 21.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 26–35 | 22.6 | 1.05 | 0.48, 2.33 | 0.82 | 0.32, 2.14 |
| ≥ 36 | 34.7 | 1.91 | 0.77, 4.77 | 1.31 | 0.40, 4.35 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Others§ | 31.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Itaukei Fijians | 26.2 | 0.76 | 0.29, 2.03 | 0.97 | 0.30, 3.13 |
| FIDs | 21.7 | 0.59 | 0.22, 1.63 | 0.95 | 0.26, 3.47 |
| Educational level | |||||
| Non-tertiary (primary/secondary) | 26.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Tertiary (university/polytechnic) | 21.5 | 0.74 | 0.41, 1.37 | 0.76 | 0.37, 1.56 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Not married | 27.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Married | 24.4 | 0.85 | 0.36, 2.03 | 0.72 | 0.26, 1.97 |
| Gravidity (number of pregnancies) | |||||
| Primigravid (first pregnancy) | 11.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Multiparous (2/more children) | 27.3 | 2.81 | 0.94, 8.40 | 2.42 | 0.67, 8.73 |
| Grand multiparous (≥5 children) | 25.0 | 2.50 | 0.72, 8.70 | 1.46 | 0.29, 7.42 |
| Maternal risk factors (yes, no) | |||||
| Family history of diabetes | |||||
| No | 26.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 22.8 | 0.81 | 0.46, 1.43 | 0.95 | 0.47, 1.95 |
| Previous history of GDM | |||||
| No | 24.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 36.4 | 1.78 | 0.50, 6.30 | 0.83 | 0.16, 4.39 |
| Previous baby > 4 kg | |||||
| No | 22.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 32.7 | 1.66 | 0.87, 3.20 | 1.19 | 0.51, 2.76 |
| Previous stillbirth | |||||
| No | 24.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 27.3 | 1.14 | 0.29, 4.45 | 1.42 | 0.27, 7.45 |
| Previous neonatal death | |||||
| No | 24.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 40.0 | 2.09 | 0.57, 7.66 | 3.96 | 0.79, 19.90 |
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Underweight/normal (< 25) | 8.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 32.5 | 4.98 | 1.28, 19.33* | 5.49 | 1.01, 29.96* |
| Obese (classes 1–3, ≥30.0) | 27.5 | 3.92 | 1.14, 13.48* | 4.34 | 0.87, 21.65 |
| Antenatal factors | |||||
| Booking age of gestation (weeks) | |||||
| 1st trimester (0–13) | 24.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2nd trimester (14–27) | 25.6 | 1.08 | 0.57, 2.07 | 1.72 | 0.68, 4.34 |
| 3rd trimester (≥28) | 23.8 | 0.99 | 0.41, 2.37 | 1.09 | 0.30, 3.95 |
| Age of gestation at GDM diagnosis (weeks) | |||||
| 1st trimester (0–13) | 38.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2nd trimester (14–27) | 21.6 | 0.44 | 0.18, 1.10 | 0.40 | 0.10, 1.52 |
| 3rd trimester (≥27) | 24.8 | 0.53 | 0.22, 1.29 | 0.53 | 0.13, 2.17 |
| Age of gestation at delivery (weeks) | |||||
| < 37 | 39.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 37–41 | 21.8 | 0.43 | 0.21, 0.85* | 0.38 | 0.17, 0.89* |
| Maternal post-pregnancy factors | |||||
| Delivery intervention | |||||
| Induced labour | |||||
| No | 23.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 25.6 | 1.14 | 0.62, 2.09 | 0.52 | 0.06, 4.20 |
| Caesarean section | |||||
| No | 21.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 33.3 | 1.88 | 1.04, 3.40 | 2.86 | 0.15, 56.32 |
| Preeclampsia | |||||
| No | 22.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 33.3 | 1.69 | 0.86, 3.35 | 1.32 | 0.59, 3.01 |
| Polyhydramnios | |||||
| No | 24.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 50.0 | 3.06 | 0.18, 49.72 | 2.32 | 0.11, 48.31 |
| Endometritis | |||||
| No | 24.7 | 1.00 | – | ||
| Yes | 50.0 | 3.05 | 0.19, 49.5 | – | – |
*Confidence Interval (CI) that does not include 1.00, significant
BMI body mass index, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, FIDs Fijians of Indian Descent
§others means part-Europeans, Chinese, and other Pacific Islanders