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Patient Characteristics
| Variable | Mean ± standard deviation or n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age, years | 68±12 |
| Female | 81 (47) |
| Race | |
| White | 159 (93) |
| Black | 7 (4) |
| Diabetes | 32 (19) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 11 (6) |
| Liver disease | 3 (2) |
| Preoperative creatinine | 1.23 ± 1.11 |
| Preoperative atrial fibrillation | 98 (57) |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 21 (12) |
| Prior heart failure | 101 (59) |
| Previous cardiovascular intervention | 78 (46) |
