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. 2019 Dec 19;40(2):183–197. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpz119

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 5. — The intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) determined based on leaf stable carbon isotope data from six tropical tree species grown in open (white), sparse canopy (gray) and dense canopy (black) plots. Species to the left (Cg, Ee, Sg) are shade-tolerant and species to the right (Cm, Dg, Pf) shade-intolerant. The error bars represent standard errors (n = 3). The symbol * indicates significant variation among radiation regimes within a species. Species: Carapa grandiflora (Cg), Entandrophragma excelsum (Ee), Syzygium guineense (Sg), Croton megalocarpus (Cm), Dombeya goetzenii (Dg) and Polyscias fulva (Pf).