Table 3.
Level of association of different risk factors with childhood pneumonia in 2006, 2011 and 2016 (NDHS data)
| Characteristics | Category | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARR (95% CI) | ARR (95% CI) | ARR (95% CI) | ||
| Mother’s age | 25–34 years | Reference | ||
| 15–24 years | 1.28 (0.91–1.79) | – | ||
| 35 years & above | 0.82 (0.48–1.40) | – | ||
| Mother formally educated | Yes | Reference | ||
| No | 0.68 (0.53–0.88) | – | – | |
| Mother in paid employment | No | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.95 (1.30–2.91) | 1.47 (0.94–2.28) | 1.23 (0.65–2.29) | |
| Ecological region | Terai | Reference | Reference | |
| Mountains | 1.39 (0.89–2.17) | – | 1.60 (0.62–4.10) | |
| Hills | 1.38 (1.06–1.81) | – | 2.09 (1.08–4.03) | |
| Toilet facility at home | Yes | – | – | Reference |
| No | – | – | 0.53 (0.23–1.25) | |
| Wasting status of child | Normal | Reference | ||
| Wasted | 1.61(1.16 –2.26) | – | – | |
| Small size at birth | No | Not available | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | Not available | 1.21 (0.81–1.80) | 1.38 (0.77–2.48) | |
| Indoor smoking of tobacco | No | Not available | Reference | – |
| Yes | Not available | 1.28 (0.90–1.82) | – | |
| Had separate kitchen | Yes | – | Reference | Reference |
| No | – | 1.40 (1.01–1.97) | 1.93 (1.14–3.28) | |
| Main cooking fuel | Clean | – | Reference | Reference |
| Polluting | – | 1.19 (0.72—1.98) | 1.98 (1.01–3.92) |
ARR adjusted risk ratio
Not available for 2006