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. 2020 Feb 28;10:3690. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60452-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Outline of corticosteroid dosages, dosing frequency, and duration of administration. X in X/7 indicates days of treatment per week. Treatments began one week prior to infection. The treatment group naming convention is as follows: first two letters indicate corticosteroid administered (CN = cortisone, DX = dexamethasone), third letter indicates a different treatment regimen using that corticosteroid (A or B for cortisone or A, B, or C for dexamethasone). Duration of treatment is indicated by length of the lines, with changes in regimen indicated by line segmentation at the relevant time points. As controls, mice that did not receive corticosteroids were also included. Sacrifices were performed 24 hours post infection (D0) and then at weeks 1, 3, 5 and 7 post infection. (B) Study and treatment outline for testing the efficacy of intranasal administration of biapenem in comparison to subcutaneous administration. Mice were sacrificed 24 hours post infection (D0) to enumerate implantation, at 1 week post infection to enumerate bacterial burden prior to antibiotic treatment period, and then at 2 weeks post infection/1 week post antibiotic treatment to evaluate treatment efficacies.