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. 2020 Feb 28;11:1119. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14801-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a In children, biographical factors (e.g., SES and housing stability) generated classifications of risk. During the SSP, prosocial behaviors were observed more often in low-risk children, while atypical reunion behaviors were more frequently observed in high-risk children. b Adversity-reared rat pups showed atypical responses to the caregiver during the SSP reunion epoch. Across species, atypical reunion behaviors observed in the child SSP and rodent rSSP included contradictory responses to the parent or misdirected behaviors. c In rat pups, reunion with the mother decreased high frequency oscillations in the control-reared pups (normalized to power during epoch 5: pup alone, data from 5 control and 5 adversity-reared litters). This decrease was not observed in adversity-reared pups; unlike controls, theta power was decreased. Bars represent mean ± standard error (SEM) of power collapsed into frequency bands. Dashed line = no change from pup alone. Frequency bands labeled are delta (δ), theta (θ), beta (β), and gamma (γ). d In rat pups, theta-gamma coupling was observed more reliably in adversity-reared pups than control-reared pups. e Rat pup example of raw voltage trace (red) and gamma (γ)/theta (θ) filters (green); scale bar: vertical is 10 µV in theta/gamma, 25 µV in raw trace. Circle shows phase locking vector length = 0.0581, −122.36°. *p < 0.05, ANOVA. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.