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. 2020 Feb 28;10:3756. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60676-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Population structure of P. falciparum parasite populations circulating in the Guapi area. (A) Populations inferred by STRUCTURE using 117 samples and 49 loci. Identified subpopulations (K = 3) are depicted by colours A (Green), B (Red) and C (Blue). Vertical bars represent each of the isolates (X-axis). Colours represent the fraction (Y-axis) of each isolate with respect to the inferred populations (K = 3). Upper row (i), populations inferred by STRUCTURE (K = 3), Middle row (ii): distribution of populations at the diagnostic sites. Lower row (iii): distribution of populations according to the locality of origin. (B) UPGMA dendrogram of 117 samples and 49 SNP positions used in STRUCTURE analysis. Distances were computed using p-distances. Populations inferred are the same as those inferred by STRUCTURE (same colour code) except that GU084 and GU050 were excluded from any group. GU084 is a sample originating at the northern edge of the distribution and GU050 is a sample originating in Venezuela. Sample Cu20 is assigned in STRUCTURE analysis to population C. (C) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the above dataset. Individual samples are coloured based on the clusters identified by STRUCTURE (green, red, and blue) and the clades identified on the UPGMA dendrogram. Sample originating from Venezuela (GU050) and sample GU084 are depicted in grey and yellow respectively.