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. 2020 Feb 28;10:3691. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60365-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spatial variations of (a) number of irrigation occurrences from 1990 to 2013 using satellite imagery (See methods) (b) Concentration factor due to evapotranspiration (CF, dimensionless) in the Berambadi catchment and (c) Chloride load (kg Cl. ha⁻¹. y⁻¹) originating from fertilizers. The green, dark blue and grey colours show forest, ponds and settlements respectively, the dotted blue line shows the main stream (maps were generated using ArcGIS version 10.3.0, https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/).