Table 3.

Molecular sensors and bacteria cell sensors for fish pathogens.

Biosensor format	Pathogen	Analyte	Performance	Ref.
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)	Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS)	Viral RNA	LOD 1.6 nM	[92]
Electrochemistry with gold nanoparticle for signal amplification	Aphanomyces invadans	Viral RNA	LOD 0.5 fM of linear target DNA 1 fM for PCR product	[93]
Lateral flow with gold nanoparticle	Nervous necrosis virus (NNV)	Viral RNA	LOD 270 pg of PCR product	[94]
Microcantilever	Vibrio cholerae O1	Cells	Dynamic range 1 × 103-1 × 107 CFU/ml LOD ~ 1 × 103 CFU/ml	[95]
Lateral flow with AuNPs	Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139	Cells	LOD 107 cfu/ml LOD 103 cfu/ml after 6 h culture enrichment	[96]
Amperometric immunosensors	Vibrio cholerae O1	Cells	LOD 8 cfu/ml in seawater 80 cfu/ml in sewer water and tap water	[97]
Potentiometric aptasensing involving magnetic beads	Vibrio alginolyticus	Cells	Dynamic range:10–100 cfu/ml LOD 10 cfu/ml	[98]
Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy	Vibrio parahaemolyticus	Cells	Not specified	[99]