Activation of inflammasome via the β-adrenergic signaling promoted cardiac fibrosis. (A) NRCFs were transfected with siNLRP3 and treated with NE, then analyzed by immunoblots; (B) NRCFs were treated with metoprolol for 30 min prior to NE treatment and analyzed by immunoblotting; (C,D,E) NRCFs were treated with H-89 (C), verapamil (D) or NAC (E) for 30 min prior to NE treatment and analyzed by immunoblots. NRCF, neonatal rat cardiac fibroblast; NAC, N-acetyl cysteine; NE, norepinephrine.