Table 1. Characteristics of the study population by cognition status.
| Characteristics | All (n=297) | Non-dementia (n=250) | Dementia (n=47) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic parameter | ||||
| Age (years) | 56.8±6.9 | 56.4±6.6 | 58.7±8.3 | 0.087 |
| Female | 105 (35.4) | 81 (32.4) | 24 (51.1) | 0.019* |
| Low education (≤12 years) | 230 (77.4) | 186 (74.4) | 44 (93.6) | 0.002* |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130.3±20.4 | 129.7±19.3 | 133.6±25.2 | 0.316 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6±3.3 | 24.5±3.2 | 25.2±3.8 | 0.169 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91.6±9.8 | 91.1±9.5 | 93.7±10.9 | 0.095 |
| Smoker | 90/286 (31.5) | 80/241 (33.2) | 10/45 (22.2) | 0.165 |
| Moderate drinker | 60/286 (21.0) | 53/241 (22.0) | 7/45 (15.6) | 0.426 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.26±1.10 | 4.26±1.12 | 4.25±1.02 | 0.815 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 2.42±1.82 | 2.41±1.81 | 2.48±1.87 | 0.986 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.03±0.27 | 1.02±0.27 | 1.08±0.29 | 0.195 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.52±0.88 | 2.51±0.89 | 2.53±0.83 | 0.912 |
| Diabetic parameter | ||||
| Course (years) | 8.7±6.7 | 8.5±6.6 | 9.4±7.4 | 0.396 |
| Age at onset (years) | 48.1±8.7 | 47.9±8.6 | 49.2±9.5 | 0.340 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 10.2±4.5 | 10.2±4.6 | 9.9±3.9 | 0.620 |
| FC-P (ng/mL) | 1.17±0.8 | 1.16±0.80 | 1.20±0.79 | 0.768 |
| HOMA2-IR | 3.5±2.6 | 3.4±2.6 | 3.7±2.7 | 0.548 |
| HOMA2-β | 66.4±42.8 | 66.1±43.1 | 68.0±41.9 | 0.785 |
| SDBG (mmol/L) | 3.2±1.3 | 3.2±1.3 | 3.2±1.4 | 0.970 |
| PPGE (mmol/L) | 2.7±2.0 | 2.7±1.9 | 2.5±2.3 | 0.549 |
| LAGE (mmol/L) | 9.7±4.1 | 9.8±4.1 | 9.7±4.2 | 0.903 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.9±2.1 | 8.9±2.1 | 9.1±1.9 | 0.550 |
| HbA1c >7.5% | 212 (71.4) | 176 (70.4) | 36 (76.6) | 0.482 |
| DR | 146 (49.2) | 118 (47.2) | 28 (59.6) | 0.152 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 77 (25.9) | 62 (24.8) | 15 (31.9) | 0.364 |
| Macrovascular complications | 203 (68.4) | 166 (66.4) | 37 (78.7) | 0.123 |
| Diabetic peripheral neuropathy | 155 (52.2) | 128 (51.2) | 27 (57.4) | 0.525 |
Data are displayed in the form of n (%) or mean ± SD. *, There were significant differences between non-dementia group and dementia group. SBP, systolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FC-P, fasting plasma C-peptide; HOMA2-IR, homeostasis model assessment 2 of insulin resistance index; HOMA2-β, homeostasis model assessment 2 of β-cell function; SMBG, self-monitoring of blood glucose; SDBG, standard deviation of blood glucose; PPGE, postprandial glucose excursion; LAGE, largest amplitude of glycemic excursions; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; DR, diabetic retinopathy.