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. 2020 Feb 12;117(8):4158–4168. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1917938117

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

GGPP is essential for cell migration and macropinocytosis. (A) ggps1− cells could not survive without addition of GGPP. (Scale bar, 20 μm.) (B) The expression of Dictyostelium GGPPS-GFP in ggps1− cells renders their survival independent of GGPP. (Scale bar, 20 μm.) (C) Overexpressing RapA, RasB, RasC, RasD, RacM, and RacL in Dictyostelium pten− cells partially suppresses the effects of pitavastatin. (Scale bar, 20 μm.) (D) Color-coded outlines (10 min apart) of several cells (ggps1− cells with 0.1 μM GGPP [Left] or 0.2 μM GGPP [Right] after 48 h) were imposed on top of the phase images, with yellow outlining the last cells. (Scale bar, 20 μm.) (E) Cell migration tracks showing random movement of cells from D. (F) Time-lapse phase-contrast images showing single cells from D and E at 10-min intervals indicating that GGPP is required for Dictyostelium cells to make protrusions. (Scale bar, 10 μm.) (G) The effects of GGPP on fluid-phase uptake in Dictyostelium ggps1− cells. (Scale bar, 20 μm.) (H) Measurement of fluid-phase uptake in ggps1− cells in the presence of increasing concentrations of GGPP (n = 3 experiments, one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey HSD (honestly significant difference) test, ****P < 0.0001).