Table 1.
Demographics, socioeconomic, smoking habits, and lifestyle characteristics distribution of our study participants (N = 352) in Beirut, Lebanon between December 2018 and March 2019
| No. | Valid % | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (Mean ± SD) | 30.29 ± 11.78 | |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 198 | 56.6 |
| Female | 152 | 43.4 |
| Level of education | ||
| Bachelor’s degree | 156 | 44.3 |
| Graduate school | 100 | 28.4 |
| High school level or equivalent | 52 | 14.8 |
| Intermediate level or below | 33 | 9.4 |
| Technical /vocational study | 7 | 2.0 |
| No schooling completed | 4 | 1.1 |
| Is your occupation or major health related? | ||
| Yes | 228 | 78.1 |
| No | 64 | 21.9 |
| Smoking Habits | ||
| Do you currently smoke? | ||
| Yes | 162 | 46.2 |
| No (non-smokers) | 151 | 43.0 |
| Quit/quitting smoking | 38 | 10.8 |
| If you smoke, what do you smoke? (Circle all that apply) | ||
| Cigarettes | 137 | 52.7 |
| Hookaha | 68 | 26.2 |
| Cigars | 13 | 5 |
| E-cigarettes | 30 | 11.5 |
| Dokhab | 6 | 2.3 |
| Pipec | 1 | 0.4 |
| Other | 5 | 1.9 |
| What form of smoking did you quit/are you quitting? (Circle all that apply) | ||
| Cigarettes | 44 | 58.7 |
| Hooka | 20 | 26.7 |
| Cigars | 4 | 5.3 |
| Dokha | 3 | 4 |
| E-cigarettes | 3 | 4 |
| Pipe | 0 | 0 |
| Other | 1 | 1.3 |
| What methods of smoking cessation have you used/are you using? (Circle all that apply) | ||
| Reducing number of cigarettes per day | 39 | 42.8 |
| E-cigarettes | 12 | 13.2 |
| Behavioral therapy | 5 | 5.5 |
| Nicotine patches | 3 | 3.3 |
| Medication | 2 | 2.2 |
| Nicotine gum | 1 | 1.1 |
| Other | 29 | 31.9 |
| Have you ever thought of quitting smoking? | ||
| Yes | 132 | 72.5 |
| No | 50 | 27.5 |
| Lifestyle characteristicsa | ||
| Do you exercise regularly? | ||
| No | 197 | 56.0 |
| Yes | 155 | 44.0 |
| Do you believe you follow a healthy diet? | ||
| No | 191 | 54.3 |
| Yes | 161 | 45.7 |
| Do you drink alcohol? | ||
| No | 195 | 55.4 |
| Yes | 157 | 44.6 |
| Do you drink coffee? | ||
| Yes | 281 | 80.5 |
| No | 68 | 19.5 |
aHookah or waterpipe: “a smoking device that consists of a bowl mounted on a vessel of water which is provided with a long tube and arranged so that smoke is drawn through the water where it is cooled and up the tube to the mouth” [38]
bDokha: is tobacco blended with “barks, herbs, spices, dried flowers or dried fruit” and smoked in a particular pipe called “midwakh”. It has a high nicotine content, around five times that of a normal cigarette [39]
cPipe: “a device for smoking usually consisting of a tube having a bowl at one end and a mouthpiece at the other” [40]
dThe study did not provide standard definitions for “exercise regularly”, “healthy diet”, “drink alcohol”, or “drink coffee”; the participants answered these questions based on their subjective interpretation of these terms