Table 4.
Mean heart rate (beats per minute, SE) adjusted for time of day of examination by hemoglobin A1c level among adults with diagnosed diabetes age 20 years or older, NHANES 2011 to 2016
| Diagnosed Diabetes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1c <53 mmol/mol (<7.0%) (N = 1029) (Reference) | A1c 53-<75 mmol/mol (7.0% -<9.0%) (N = 730) | A1c 65-<97 mmol/mol (9.0% - <11.0%) (N = 217) | A1c ≥97 mmol/mol (≥11.0%) (N = 147) | |
| Overall | 73 (0.7) | 74 (0.6) | 78 (1.1)b | 80 (1.4)b |
| Age, y | ||||
| 20 to 44 | 78 (1.3) | 80 (1.8) | 85 (2.6)a | 82 (2.1) |
| 45 to 64 | 73 (0.9) | 76 (0.7)a | 77 (1.5)a | 80 (2.1)a |
| ≥ 65 | 71 (0.9) | 70 (0.9) | 73 (2.4) | 78 (1.6)b |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 73 (0.8) | 73 (0.6) | 77 (1.8)a | 77 (1.9)a |
| Women | 73 (0.8) | 76 (1.2)a | 79 (1.4)a | 84 (1.7)b |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| All Hispanic | 72 (0.7) | 75 (0.8)a | 82 (1.8)b | 80 (1.9)b |
| Mexican American | 72 (1.1) | 75 (1.2)a | 82 (2.0)b | 79 (2.3)a |
| Non-Hispanic white | 74 (0.9) | 74 (0.9) | 78 (1.7)a | 78 (3.7) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 72 (0.8) | 75 (1.0)a | 77 (2.9) | 82 (1.5)b |
| Education | ||||
| < High school | 72 (0.7) | 75 (1.0)a | 78 (1.6)a | 83 (1.8)b |
| High school/GED | 73 (1.2) | 71 (1.3) | 79 (1.5)a | 75 (2.7) |
| ≥ High school | 73 (1.0) | 76 (0.9) | 77 (1.7)a | 82 (1.8)b |
| PIR | ||||
| ≤ 1.00 | 75 (0.9) | 76 (1.2) | 79 (1.7)a | 81 (2.8) |
| > 1.00 | 72 (0.7) | 74 (0.7)a | 78 (1.2)b | 81 (1.6)b |
| Health insurance coverage | ||||
| Yes | 73 (0.7) | 75 (0.6) | 77 (1.1)b | 79 (1.6)b |
| No | 75 (1.3) | 73 (1.2) | 82 (2.3)a | 84 (1.8)a |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current | 79 (2.4) | 77 (1.8) | 79 (2.8) | 79 (1.8) |
| Former | 72 (1.1) | 73 (1.5) | 77 (2.1)a | 76 (3.0) |
| Never | 72 (0.8) | 74 (0.8) | 78 (1.7)a | 83 (1.9)b |
| Sleep, h | ||||
| < 7 | 71 (0.9) | 75 (0.9)a | 78 (1.5)b | 79 (1.2)b |
| ≥ 7 | 73 (0.8) | 74 (1.0) | 78 (1.2)b | 81 (1.8)b |
| Work time activity | ||||
| Yes | 74 (0.7) | 73 (0.9) | 80 (2.3)a | 77 (1.9) |
| No | 72 (0.9) | 75 (0.8)a | 76 (1.34)a | 82 (1.7)b |
| Leisure time activity | ||||
| Yes | 72 (0.8) | 75 (1.1) | 78 (2.3)a | 80 (2.3)b |
| No | 73 (0.8) | 74 (0.6) | 78 (1.2)a | 81 (1.6)b |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
| < 25.0 | 73 (2.3) | 73 (1.1) | 76 (4.4) | 80 (3.2) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 73 (0.9) | 73 (1.2) | 80 (1.7)b | 75 (2.9) |
| ≥ 30.0 | 73 (0.8) | 75 (0.8) | 78 (1.5)a | 83 (1.1)b |
| Waist circumference | ||||
| High risk (> 88 cm for women; >102 cm for men) | 73 (0.7) | 75 (0.8) | 78 (1.2)a | 82 (1.6)b |
| Low risk (≤ 88 cm for women; ≤ 102 cm for men) | 72 (1.8) | 72 (1.1) | 80 (3.4) | 77 (2.9) |
| Hypertension, self-report | ||||
| Yes | 73 (0.9) | 75 (0.8) | 77 (1.4)a | 80 (1.9)a |
| No | 72 (0.8) | 74 (1.1) | 79 (1.6)b | 81 (1.7)b |
| History of CVD | ||||
| Yes | 67 (1.1) | 69 (1.0) | 72 (3.1) | 75 (4.5) |
| No | 74 (0.7) | 76 (0.6) | 79 (1.0)b | 81 (1.2)b |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | ||||
| < 60 | 70 (1.3) | 72 (1.5) | 74 (2.0) | 83 (2.8)b |
| ≥ 60 | 74 (0.8) | 75 (0.7) | 78 (1.23)b | 80 (1.7)a |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | ||||
| Yes | 73 (0.9) | 74 (0.8) | 76 (1.4) | 81 (2.3)a |
| No | 72 (0.8) | 74 (1.0) | 80 (1.5)b | 80 (1.4)b |
| β-blockers | ||||
| Yes | 68 (0.7) | 68 (1.2) | 73 (2.4)a | 79 (4.5)a |
| No | 75 (0.8) | 77 (0.7)a | 79 (1.1)b | 81 (1.1)b |
| Diuretics | ||||
| Yes | 73 (1.2) | 74 (1.2) | 76 (1.7) | 79 (2.5)a |
| No | 73 (0.7) | 74 (0.6)a | 78 (1.3)b | 81 (1.7)b |
| CA-channel blockers | ||||
| Yes | 73 (1.7) | 73 (1.0) | 78 (2.7) | 80 (4.8) |
| No | 73 (0.7) | 75 (0.8) | 78 (1.1)b | 80 (1.1)b |
| Taking statin | ||||
| Yes | 72 (1.0) | 73 (0.7) | 73 (1.8) | 78 (2.6)a |
| No | 74 (0.8) | 76 (1.0)a | 82 (1.2)b | 82 (1.6)b |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CA, calcium; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GED, General Educational Development; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, PIR, poverty income ratio.
a P less than .05 vs HbA1c less than 7.0%.
b P less than .001 vs HbA1c less than 7.0%.