Table 5.
Adjusted mean heart rate (beats per minute, SE) by hemoglobin A1c level among adults with diagnosed diabetes age 20 years or older with diabetes, NHANES 2011 to 2016
| Diagnosed Diabetes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA 1c < 53 mmol/mol(< 7.0%) (N = 1029)(Reference) | HbA 1c 53 to < 75 mmol/mol(7.0%-< 9.0%)(N = 730) | HbA 1c 65 to < 97 mmol/mol(9.0%-< 11.0%)(N = 217) | HbA 1c ≥ 97 mmol/mol(≥ 11.0%)(N = 147) | |
| Model 1 | 73 (0.7) | 74 (0.6) | 78 (1.1)b | 80 (1.4)b |
| Model 2 | 73 (0.7) | 75 (0.6) | 77 (1.0)b | 79 (1.3)b |
| Model 3 | 73 (0.6) | 75 (0.7)a | 78 (1.0)b | 78 (1.6)a |
| Model 4 | 73 (0.6) | 75 (0.7)a | 78 (1.0)b | 78 (1.6)a |
| Model 5 | 73 (0.8) | 75 (0.6)a | 78 (1.0)b | 79 (1.6)a |
| Model 6 | 73 (0.7) | 75 (0.6)a | 78 (1.2)b | 79 (1.6)b |
Heart rate means are determined using predictive margins regression.
HbA1c less than 7.0% is the reference.
Abbreviations: HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
a P less than .05 vs HbA1c less than 7.0%.
b P less than .001 vs HbA1c less than 7.0%.
Model 1: Adjusted for time of examination.
Model 2: Additionally adjusted for age.
Model 3: Additionally adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, education, and poverty income ratio.
Model 4: Additionally adjusted for health insurance.
Model 5: Additionally adjusted smoking, sleep, work, or leisure time activity, body mass index, waist circumference, menopausal status (women only), history of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and for hypertensive medication.
Model 6: Additionally adjusted for oral antidiabetic medications (glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, sulfonylureas, biguanides, α-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidindiones).