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. 2020 Feb 28;4(1):016104. doi: 10.1063/1.5134926

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© Author(s).

2473-2877/2020/4(1)/016104/15

All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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FIG. 1. — BacteriaBots and NanoBEADS biohybrid drug delivery agents. (a) E. coli bacteria are engineered with synthetic genetic circuits inserted into plasmids; (b) the engineered bacteria are integrated into biohybrid systems to make BacteriaBots (6 μm polystyrene particles conjugated with several bacteria) and NanoBEADS (bacteria coated with several polystyrene nanoparticles). Representative microscopy images of a BacteriaBot and a NanoBEADS agent are shown in (c) and (d), respectively. (e) The engineered biohybrid systems are capable of responding to centralized control signals (chemoeffector gradients) and commencing population density dependent programmed behavior upon detecting a high enough local concentration of QS signaling molecules (decentralized control).