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. 2020 Feb 28;4(1):016104. doi: 10.1063/1.5134926

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© Author(s).

2473-2877/2020/4(1)/016104/15

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FIG. 4. — The emergent behavior of populations of BacteriaBots (BB) and NanoBEADS (NB). Experimental and simulated CPC as a function of time for BacteriaBots (a) and NanoBEADS (b). QS activation time as a function of the concentration of BacteriaBots or equivalent total number of free-swimming bacteria without (isotropic) or with (gradient) an imposed chemoattractant gradient with experimentally measured doubling times of 43 min for free-swimming bacteria and 121 min for NanoBEADS and BacteriaBot-conjugated bacteria (c) and without growth (d). (e) and (f) respectively show snapshots of the QS signal concentration field and agent positions at the QS activation time in simulations of BacteriaBots at a concentration of 0.4 × 10⁷ ml⁻¹ and the corresponding concentration of 4.8 × 10⁷ ml⁻¹ NanoBEADS, both in isotropic environments.