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. 2020 Mar 1;7:21. doi: 10.1038/s41438-020-0243-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Phenotypes of WT and MdATG18a-overexpressing apple plants under a normal temperature and after heat stress. b Electrolyte leakage, c relative water content (RWC), d malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and e chlorophyll concentration in WT and transgenic apples treated with or without high temperature. Data are shown as the means of three replicates with SEs. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments, according to one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).