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Effect of inducers on energy costs (cooling, stirring, and compressor operations). Cost ratios* in terms of (a) PspA4Pro (ref. US$ 21.9/kg PspA4Pro) and (b) biomass (ref. US$ 2.7/kg DCW). All experiments using defined medium. *Reference: Experiment #3 (Table 1).*The Tukey test was performed to evaluate statistical differences, considering standard deviations and a p value <0.05 as significant. ns: not significant.
