Table 2.
Effect of OX40 on different T cell subsets.
| T cell | The impact of OX40 stimulatory signal | Condition | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| CD4+ | Inhibiting FOXP3 expression and Tregs induction via AKT–mTOR pathway | In vitro | 18 |
| Enhancement of helper CD4 T cell activity and humoral immunity | Rodent malaria | 19 | |
| Triggering larger memory Th1 and Tfh CD4 T cell | Plasmodium infections | 20 | |
| Promoting CD4 T cell proliferation and survival | Graves' disease | 21 | |
| Inducing splenic CD4 T cell activation, and splenic Tfh cell accumulation | Systemic lupus erythematosus | 22 | |
| Promoting Th1 cell differentiation and proliferation, and attenuating Treg suppressive activity | Obesity mice | 23 | |
| Orientation of CD4+ cells toward Th1 responses | Glioma-bearing mice | 24 | |
| Enhancement of tumoral CD4+ effector T cell responses | In vitro | 25 | |
| OX40-deficient mice are reduction of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines | In vivo | 26 | |
| Promoting IL-17 production | Rheumatoid synovium | 27 | |
| Th2 | Contribution of OX40L to the development of Th2-mediated pulmonary inflammation | Murine model of asthma | 28 |
| Th9 | Induction of Th9 cells | Airway inflammation | 29 |
| Th17 | Inhibiting IL-17 expression and Th17 cell-mediated autoimmunity | In vitro | 30 |
| Augmentating Th17 cytokine expression | Uveitis | 31 | |
| Tfh | Promoting BLIMP-1 expression and diverting cells away from Tfh cell differentiation | Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus | 32 |
| Promoting the differentiation of human Th cells toward the Tfh lineage | Systemic lupus erythematosus | 33 | |
| Amplification of Tfh cell development cooperating with ICOS | Vaccinia virus infection | 34 | |
| Treg | OX40 expression in Tregs was greater than in conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells | Head and neck cancer | 35 |
| Reversing the suppressive effects of Tregs | Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma | 25 | |
| Blockade of OX40L decreased Tregs proliferation | Crescentic glomerulonephritis | 36 | |
| Treg cells suppress mast cell degranulation through OX40–OX40L interaction | Allergies | 37 | |
| Induction of Treg activation and their suppressive function | In vitro | 38 | |
| Supporting Treg cell development, homeostasis, and suppressive activity | Inflammatory bowel disease mice model | 39 | |
| Blocking Tregs inhibitory activity, and restored effector T-cell proliferation | Graft-versus-host disease mice model | 40 | |
| Blocking inducible and natural regulatory T cell function | Human OX40 antibodies | 41 | |
| Tregs | OX40 inhibits TGF-β- and antigen-driven conversion of naive CD4 T cells into CD25+FOXP3+ T cells | In vitro | 42 |
| OX40 ligand shuts down IL-10-producing Treg cells | In vitro | 43 | |
| OX40 costimulation turns off FOXP3+Tregs | In vitro | 44 | |
| OX40 expression by T reg cells was indispensable for suppression colitogenic T cell responses | Mouse models of colitis | 45 | |
| CD8+ | OX40 can control survival of primed CD8 T cells | Adoptive T cell transfer | 46 |
| OX40 supports CD8 T cells expansion and confer CTL-mediated protection against tumor growth. | Adoptive transfer of CD8 cells | 47 | |
| Cooperation between CD4 and CD8 T cells for antitumor activity is enhanced by OX40 signals | Adoptive transfer of CD8 cells | 48 | |
| OX40-deficient mice are competent in generating B cell and CTL responses after virus infection | LCMV and influenza virus | 49 | |
| OX40L costimulated memory CD8 T cell responses largely through indirect effects | In vitro | 50 | |
| OX40 signals directly augment activation, cytokine secretion, proliferation of human CD8+ T cells | In vitro | 51 | |
| Synergy with anti-PD-L1 in the initial reversal of CD8+ T cell exhaustion | In vitro | 52 | |
| OX40 agonism enhance CD8+ memory | In vitro | 53 | |
| CD4−CD8− | Control CD4–CD8– survival by regulation on BCL-2, BCL-XL, and BCL2L11 | In vitro | 54 |
| CD4+CD28− | An alternative costimulator of CD4+CD28− T cells | Autoimmune arthritis | 55 |