FIGURE 1.

Schematic of the known effects of caffeine citrate during early development on the brain, the lung and the cardiovascular system derived from animal and infant studies. The first column indicates effects on a molecular level, while the second column describes demonstrated caffeine effects in the context of the specific system. CO₂: carbon dioxide; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; ELBW: extremely low birthweight; IPPV: intermittent positive pressure ventilation; PMA: post-menstrual age; BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus.