Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics
| Patient n./Sex | Age | Etiology | Seizures classificationb | PEZa | MRIa | SISCOMa | SISCOM outcome | Surgery | Follow‐up (mo) | Final outcome (Engel class) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/F | 14 |
Structural: MTS |
Focal autonomic impaired awareness | T/L | T/L | T/L | Highly localizing | Yes | 119 (101 post‐S) | Class I |
| 2/M | 15 |
Genetic: Fragile X Structural: MTS |
Focal tonic | T/L | T/L | T/L | Highly localizing | Yes | 117 (43 post‐S) | Class I |
| 3/F | 10 |
Structural: FCD |
Focal tonic, impaired awareness | T/R | T/R | T/R | Localizing | No | 108 | Class I |
| 4/F | 9 |
Structural: FCD |
Focal clonic | T/R | T/R | T/R | Highly localizing | Yes | 106 (96 post‐S) | Class I |
| 5/F | 3 |
Structural: FCD |
Focal tonic | F/R | F/R | F/R | Localizing | Yes | 105 | Class III |
| 6/M | 12 |
Structural: MTS |
Auditory aura + focal impaired awareness | T/R | T/R (MTS) + P/R | T/R | Highly localizing | Yes | 105 (100 post‐S) | Class I |
| 7/M | 11 |
Structural: MCA stroke + MTS |
Focal impaired awareness | None | F‐P‐T/L | T/R | Localizing | No | 97 | Class IV |
| 8/M | 14 |
Structural: FCD |
Focal clonic aware, to GTC | F/R | F/R | F/R | Highly localizing | No | 96 | Class IV |
| 9/M | 4 |
Structural: FCD |
Focal tonic | F/R | F/R | F/R | Highly localizing | Yes | 95 (90 post‐S) | Class I |
| 10/M | 7 |
Immune: HHE |
Three types: 1) focal tonic, 2) motor arrest, 3) myoclonic | Mult | F‐T‐P/L | None | Noninformative | No | 86 | Class III |
| 11/M | 15 |
Structural: FCD |
Focal tonic to GTC | T/L | T/L | T/L | Localizing | Yes | 79 (74 post‐S) | Class III |
| 12/F | 1 |
Structural: FCD |
Epileptic spasms + focal non motor impaired awareness | F/R | F/R | None | Noninformative | Yes | 78 (74 post‐S) | Class I |
| 13/F | 5 |
Genetic: TSC Structural: FCD |
Multifocal: focal tonic impaired awareness to GTC, + myoclonic | Mult | Bilat T | T‐P/R | Lateralizing | No | 74 | Class II |
| 14/F | 13 | Unknown | Focal tonic | Bilat F | Normal | T/R | Noninformative | No | 73 | Class III |
| 15/M | 7 | Immune: AE | Focal clonic | F/L | T/L | F/L | Normal | No | 72 | Class IV |
| 16/F | 9 | Unknown | Focal motor to GTC + focal cognitive with automatism. | Bilat F‐T | Normal | Bilat nucleus caudatus | Noninformative | No | 71 | Class I |
| 17/F | 16 | Structural: FCD | Focal with autonomic aura, impaired awareness | T/R | T/R | T/R | Localizing | Yes | 70 (64 post‐S) | Class I |
| 18/M | 4 | Unknown | Nocturnal hypermotor with automatisms | F/R | Normal | None | Noninformative | No | 68 | Class I |
| 19/M | 14 | Structural: FCD | Focal impaired awareness to GTC | F/L | F/L | F/L | Localizing | No | 63 | Class I |
| 20/M | 10 | Unknown | Focal clonic aware to GTC | Bilat F | Normal | F‐P/R | Lateralizing | No | 60 | Class III |
| 21/F | 8 | Unknown | Focal cognitive | Mult | F/R | None | Noninformative | No | 56 | Class III |
| 22/M | 11 | Structural: FCD | Focal cognitive + oral automatisms | Bilat T | P/R | P/R | Localizing | No | 55 | Class III |
| 23/M | 16 | Structural: FCD | Focal motor impaired awareness to GTC | F‐T/R | F/R | F‐O/R | Lateralizing | No | ||
| 24/F | 8 | Immune: FIRES | Focal clonic impaired awareness | F/L | Normal | F‐T/L | Lateralizing | No | 54 | Class II |
| 25/F | 6 | Structural: FCD | Focal autonomic impaired awareness | T/R | T/R | T/R | Highly localizing | Yes | 51 (41 post‐S) | Class I |
| 26/M | 12 | Structural: Ganglioglioma | Focal cognitive + clonic | T/R | T/R | T/R | Localizing | Yes | 50 (46 post‐S) | Class I |
| 27/F | 7 | Genetic: PAI syndrome | Focal sensory + tonic | P/L | Normal | F‐P/L | Lateralizing | No | 50 | Class II |
| 28/M | 8 | Unknown | Focal clonic aware | F‐P/R | Normal | High P/R | Highly localizing | No | 44 | Class I |
| 29/M | 12 | Unknown | Focal tonic to GTC | F/L | Normal | Mid‐F on the midline | Highly localizing | No | 43 | Class I |
| 30/F | 7 | Unknown | Focal clonic | F/R | Normal | F/R | Highly localizing | No | 39 | Class III |
| 31/M | 13 | Unknown | Focal non motor impaired awareness | F‐T/R | Normal | F‐P/L | Noninformative | No | 38 | Class II |
| 32/M | 10 | Structural: Oligodendroglioma | Focal sensory aware | T/R | T/R | Bilat T | Noninformative | Yes | 34 (33 post‐S) | Class I |
| 33/M | 10 | Structural: MTS | Focal motor impaired awareness | T/R | T/R | T/R | Highly localizing | Yes | 32 (25 post‐S) | Class I |
| 34/M | 15 | Structural: FCD | Nocturnal focal hyperkinetic | F/R | F/R | F/R | Highly localizing | Yes | 31 (12 post‐S) | Class I |
| 35/F | 7 | Unknown | Focal cognitive to generalized tonic | Mult | Normal | None | Noninformative | No | 28 | Class IV |
| 36/F | 4 | Structural: FCD | Focal tonic, dystonic or clonic | F/R | F‐T‐P/R | F/R | Localizing | No | 27 | Class IV |
| 37/M | 13 | Unknown | Two types: 1) right tonic impaired awareness, 2) left dystonic‐clonic | T/L | Normal | T‐P‐F/L | Lateralizing | No | 26 | Class IV |
| 38/F | 5 | Structural: MTS | Two types: 1) generalized tonic, 2) myoclonic | Mult | T/R | None | Noninformative | No | 25 | Class IV |
| 39/M | 2 | Structural: FCD | Focal tonic to GTC | F‐T/R | T/R | T/R | Highly localizing | Yes | 23 (15 post‐S) | Class I |
| 40/F | 6 | Structural: FCD | Sensory aura + focal clonic aware. | F/L | F/L | F/L | Highly localizing | No | 22 | Class II |
| 41/F | 2 | Genetic: TSC | Epileptic spasms + focal clonic impaired awareness | Mult | Bilat F‐P‐T | F‐P/R | Noninformative | No | 21 | Class IV |
| 42/M | 12 | Structural: FCD | Sensory aura + focal clonic | F‐T/L | F/L | F/R | Noninformative | No | 15 | Class I |
| 43/F | 15 | Structural: MCA stroke + MTS | Sensory aura + focal tonic impaired awareness | F‐T/L | F‐P‐T/L | P‐O/L | Lateralizing | Yes | 14 (12 post‐S) | Class I |
| 44/M | 14 | Structural: FCD | Sensory aura + focal dystonic impaired awareness to GTC | P/R | P/R | P/R | Highly localizing | No | 13 | Class I |
Abbreviations: AE, autoimmune encephalitis; AED, antiepileptic drug; ASD, autistic spectrum disorder; Bilat, bilateral; CBZ, carbamazepine; CLB, clobazam; E, epilepsy; FCD, focal cortical dysplasia; FIRES, febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome; GEFS+, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus; GTC, generalized tonic‐clonic; HHE, hemiconvulsion‐hemiplegia encephalopathy; HSV, herpes simplex virus; iEEG, intracranial EEG; LAM, lamotrigine; LEV, levetiracetam; LGS, Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome; MCA, middle cerebral artery; MTS, mesial temporal lobe sclerosis; Mult, multifocal; OXC, oxcarbazepine; Post‐S, postsurgery; QoL, quality of life; SE, status epilepticus; SLT, sulthiame; TPM, topiramate; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; VNS, vagus nerve stimulator; VPA, valproic acid.
Imaging localizations are classified as temporal (T), frontal (F), parietal (P), occipital (O) lobes, respectively, left (/L), or right (/R).
Classification follows the current International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) seizure and epilepsy classification.36