Table 1.

Review of PCM.

Study/year of publication	Age∗	Gender	Symptoms	Location of the lesions	Treatment	Follow-up
Poswillo et al. [7]/1967	37	F	Redness, swelling	Gingiva	Resection, oral hygiene programme	AWD, 2 years
	39	F	Redness, hypertrophy	Gingiva	Resection	Not available
	21	F	Hyperplastic red lesion, hypertrophy, erythema	Maxillary labial vestibule, gingiva	Resection, oral hygiene programme	Not available
White et al. [3]/1986	47	F	Dysphonia, sore throat	Lips, mouth, tongue, supraglottic larynx	Resection, prednisone	AWD, 9 years (f/u reported by Ferreiro et al. [1])
Timms et al. [8]/1988	70	F	Hoarseness, cough, stridor	Gingiva, supraglottic, hard palate	CO2 laser, prednisolone, topical steroid spray	AWD, 1 year
Timms and Sloan [9]/1991	32	F	Hoarseness, sore throat	Gingiva, false cord, mucobuccal	Systemic and topical steroids	Marginal improvement, no f/u epiglottis
Ferreiro et al. [1]/1994	60	F	Dysphonia, dysphagia	Supraglottic larynx	CO2 laser, prednisone, antibiotics, beclomethasone (Vanceril) spray	AWD, 1 year
	41	M	Dysphonia, stridor	Supraglottic, glottic larynx, nose, pharynx	Antibiotics	AWD, 7 years; tracheostomy
	62	F	Dysphonia, stridor, dry eyes, dysphagia	Supraglottic, glottic larynx, trachea	Not available	AWD, 16 years; tracheostomy
	54	M	Dysphonia	Supraglottic, glottic larynx	Resection	AWD, 1 year
	40	M	Dysphonia, sore mouth	Lips, tongue, palate, pharynx, supraglottic & glottic larynx	Prednisone, isotretinoin (Accutane), CO2 laser	AWD, 15 years; sleep apnea
	67	M	Sore mouth	Lips, mouth, tongue, palate	Prednisone	AWD, 3 years
	61	M	Unknown	Lips through larynx	Not available	Not available
	56	M	Unknown	Nose, palate, pharynx	Resection	Not available
Van de Kerkhof and Van Baar [26]/1995	80	F	Pain, soreness, erythema, swelling	Lips	Betamethasone dipropionate	Partial symptomatic relief, f/u not available
	57	F	Sore throat	Gingiva, supraglottic larynx	Topical steroids	Gingival improvement, no f/u
Khan et al. [5]/1997	69	M	Hoarseness, dysphagia, hemoptysis	Left faucial pillar, hypopharynx, epiglottis, larynx	Beclomethasone spray, Corsodyl mouthwash	No recurrence, 20 months f/u
Noorily [25]/1997	67	M	Induration, erythema, crusting	Lower lip	Resection, primary closure	Not available
Smith et al. [4]/1999	59	M	Swelling, hoarseness, sore throat, erythema	Soft palate, gingiva, oropharynx, nasopharynx	None	Asymptomatic, 6 months f/u
Kaur et al. [24]/2001	47	M	Swelling, erythema, inflammation	Upper lip	Triamcinolone acetonide injections	No recurrence, 3 months f/u
Bharti and Smith [10]/2003	42	F	Pain, dysphagia	Buccal mucosa, palate	Topical and systemic antifungals, corticosteroids	Partial symptomatic relief, no regression of the disease, no f/u
Heinemann et al. [23]/2006	61	F	Pain, ulcerations, erythema, erosions	Tongue, lips, buccal mucosa, vulvae	Prednisolone, cyclosporin	Complete remission, 6 months f/u
Solomon et al. [2]/2008	60	F	Pain, sore throat, erosions, swelling, erythema	Gingiva, lips, ventral tongue, hard palate	Prednisone	Disease remission, f/u not available
Senol et al. [11]/2008	46	M	Inflammation, maceration, pruritic, eczema	Oral commissures, gingivobuccal mucosa, toe-webs, groins, preputium, perineum, umbilicus	Prednisolone	No recurrence, 1 year f/u
Najarian et al. [12]/2008	56	M	Pain, impetigo, bleeding	Lower lip	Topical and systemic glucocorticosteroid, cryotherapy	No recurrence, 6 months f/u
Pepper et al. [13]/2009	77	M	Atrophy, hyperkeratosis, erosion, pain	Commissure, lips, cheek	Tacrolimus, methotrexate, betamethasone mouthwash, CO2 laser, radiotherapy	Onset of squamous cell carcinoma, partial resolution of mucosal plasmacytosis
Puvanendran et al. [22]/2012	74	M	Ulceration, erythema	Uvula, hypopharyngeal wall	Resection	Lesion resolved, 6 months f/u
Gupta et al. [21]/2014	72	M	Difficulty in swallowing, soreness, burning sensation, sore throat, ulcerations, swelling, bleeding gums, erosions	Buccal mucosa, palate, tongue, pharynx, gingiva	Topical corticosteroids (betamethasone 1 mg, triamcinolone acetonide gel 0.1%), prednisolone, topical antifungals	Partial symptomatic relief, no regression of the disease, no f/u
Madhavarajan and Tighe [15]/2015	63	M	Pain, ulceration	Commissure, buccal mucosa, gingiva	No treatment	Spontaneous resolving, 6 months f/u
Cottom et al. [20]/2015	54	F	Erythema	Soft palate	Not available	Not available
	51	M	Erythema, ulceration, erosions	Border of tongue	Not available	Not available
	50	M	Inflammation	Gingiva	Not available	Not available
	67	M	Pain, bleeding, erosions	Gingiva	Not available	Not available
	83	F	Erosions	Gingiva	Not available	Not available
	65	M	Inflammation	Gingiva, hard palate	Not available	Not available
	72	M	Inflammation	Gingiva	Not available	Not available
Galvin et al. [14]/2016	68	F	Erythema, ulceration	Alveolar ridges, palate, buccal mucosa, gingiva	Oral fluconazole, chlorhexidine mouthwash, betamethasone cream and tablets	AWD, 7 years
	61	F	Sore mouth, ulceration, erythema, edema	Gingiva, buccal mucosa	Prednisolone, adalimumab	No recurrence, 18 months
	69	M	Oropharynx congestion	Gingiva, dorsum and borders of the tongue, soft palate, uvula	Mycophenolate mofetil, prednisolone	Partial symptomatic relief, no regression of the disease, no f/u
Trehan et al. [19]/2016	39	M	Ulceration, dysphagia, erosions	Lips, buccal mucosa, gingiva	Prednisolone	Good response, f/u not available
Arun et al. [17]/2017	13	M	Swelling, bleeding, erythema,	Upper lip, gingiva	Triamcinolone acetonide injections,	No recurrence, 1 year f/u
Liu et al. [18]/2017	18	F	Swelling, bleeding, erosions, pain	Lips	Methylprednisolone, dapsone, hydroxychloroquine, antibiotics	Symptoms decreasing, 6 months f/u
Gasparro et al. [6]/2019	78	F	Pain, erythema, ulcerations, erosions	Buccal mucosa	Injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF)	No complete healing, inflammation reduction, 6 months f/u
Shanahan et al. [16]/2019	62	F	Dry mouth, ulceration, swelling, dysphagia, hoarseness	Soft palate, buccal mucosa	Prednisolone, dapsone, mycophenolate mofetil	No recurrence of symptoms, 1 year f/u

AWD: alive with disease; F: female; f/u: follow-up; M: male. ^∗Age at presentation (years).